Base-catalyzed silylation of terminal alkyne C—H bonds

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to a mild, efficient, and general direct C(sp)-H bond silylation. Various embodiments includes methods, each method comprising or consisting essentially of contacting at least one organic substrate comprising a terminal alkynyl C—H bond, with a mixture of at least one organosilane and an alkali metal hydroxide, under conditions sufficient to form a silylated terminal alkynyl moiety. The methods are operable in the substantially absence of transition-metal compounds. The systems associated with these methods are also disclosed.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Patent Application Ser. Nos. 62/044,754, filed Sep. 2, 2014; 62/146,541, filed Apr. 13, 2015; and 62/172,969, filed Jun. 9, 2015, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

GOVERNMENT RIGHTS

This invention was made with government support under Grant No. CHE1212767 awarded by the National Science Foundation. The government has certain rights in the invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention is directed at methods for silylating alkyne substrates—i.e., containing terminal alkyne C(sp)-H bonds—using alkali metal hydroxide, alkoxide, or hydride catalysts and organosilane reagents.

BACKGROUND

The ability to silylate organic moieties has attracted significant attention in recent years, owing to the utility of the silylated materials in their own rights or as intermediates for other important materials used, for example, in agrichemical, pharmaceutical, and electronic material applications.

Over the past several decades, considerable effort has been allocated to the development of powerful catalyst architectures to accomplish a variety of C—H functionalization reactions, revolutionizing the logic of chemical synthesis and consequently streamlining synthetic chemistry. Accomplishing such challenging transformations can often necessitate the use of stoichiometric additives, demanding reaction conditions, complex ligands, and most notably precious metal precatalysts. Notably, the need to use precious metal catalysts for these transformations remains a fundamental and longstanding limitation.

Strategies for the synthesis of ethynylsilanes have employed strong bases or have relied on stoichiometric or catalytic transition metal species such as Pt, Zn, Au, and Ir, typically using various pre-activated organosilicon coupling partners at high temperatures. Inexpensive and commercially available hydrosilanes have been investigated, however this particular silicon source has introduced new challenges: the requisite in situ Si—H bond activation necessitates exogenous bases, sacrificial hydrogen acceptors or oxidants, and elevated temperatures (i.e., 80-120° C.). Moreover, undesired hydrosilylation of the alkyne can be competitive, further complicating catalyst and reaction design. These factors have led to important limitations in scope and practical utility. For example, substrate classes important in pharmaceuticals and natural products applications such as aliphatic amines and nitrogen heterocycles are notably absent in the aforementioned reports. Despite the inherent acidity of terminal acetylenes, the development of a mild and general stoichiometric or catalytic method for cross-dehydrogenative C(sp)-Si bond formation remains a longstanding challenge in the field.

The present invention takes advantage of the discoveries cited herein to avoid at least some of the problems associated with previously known methods.

SUMMARY

Herein is disclosed a mild, efficient, and general direct C(sp)-H bond silylation. The catalytic cross-dehydrogenative method avoids the limitations of previous strategies and successfully couples alkynes and hydrosilanes previously unprecedented in C—H silylation on multi-gram scale and with high yield and excellent chemoselectivity. Remarkably, the catalysts can be KOH and NaOH.

Various embodiments includes methods, each method comprising or consisting essentially of contacting at least one organic substrate comprising a terminal alkynyl C—H bond, with a mixture of at least one organosilane and an alkali metal hydroxide, alkoxide, or hydride (hydroxide preferred), under conditions sufficient to form a silylated terminal alkynyl moiety. Such methods are operable in the substantial absence of transition metal compounds, or other electromagnetic or thermal initiation or propagation.

In some embodiments, the organosilane comprises an organosilane of Formula (I), Formula (II), or Formula (III): (R)_(4-m)Si(H)_(m)  (I) (R)_(3-m)(H)_(m)Si—(CH₂)_(q)—O_(r)—Si(R)_(3-p)(H)_(p)  (II) R—[—SiH(R)—O—]_(n)—R  (III) where R is flexibly defined, m and p are independently 1, 2, or 3; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; r is 0 or 1; and n is 10 to 100. In some embodiments, for example, the organosilane is independently (R)₃SiH(R)₂SiH₂, or (R)SiH₃. In some embodiments for Formula (II), q is 0. In some embodiments for Formula (II), r is 0. In some embodiments, R is independently alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl.

In some embodiments, the alkali metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH). In some embodiments, the alkali metal alkoxide is sodium alkoxide (e.g., NaOMe, NaOEt, NaO-t-Bu) or potassium alkoxide (e.g., KOMe, KOEt, KO-t-Bu, KO-t-amyl). In some embodiments, the alkali metal hydride is sodium hydride (NaH) or potassium hydride (KH).

The organic substrate is typically defined as having at least one terminal alkynyl C—H bond having a formula: R¹—C≡C—H, where R¹ comprises H, an optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, or optionally substituted metallocene. The methods are operable with a wide array of substrates defined in this way. Compounds having two or more terminal alkyne C—H bonds also provide silylated products, generally in discrete, sequential reactions. The substrates include individual chemical compounds, oligomers, and polymers.

In certain embodiments employing silanes having two or three Si—H bonds (e.g., R₂SiH₂ or (R)SiH₃), contacting a second or third organic substrate comprising a terminal alkynyl C—H bond with the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety, either at the same time or sequentially, can form a di- or tri-alkynyl silane product.

Once formed, the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety can be subject to a variety of known chemical reactions, and methods employing these known methods, when coupled with the inventive methods described here, are considered to be within the scope of the present invention. For example, when coupled with the inventive silylating methods described herein, at least one of the following subsequent reactions are within scope: (a) reacting the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with another unsaturated moiety in a [2+2] or [4+2] cycloaddition reaction to form an aromatic, heteroaromatic, cycloalkenyl, or heterocycloalkenyl moiety; (b) reacting the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with a second, unsaturated organic moiety in a cross-metathesis reaction to form a diolefin or polyolefin product; (c) polymerizing the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety; (d) reacting the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with an organic azide a [3+2] azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (generally referred to as “Click chemistry,” including 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions; (e) hydrogenating the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety; (f) removing the silyl group originally added to the terminal alkynyl C—H bond, such that the silylation functions as a blocking group for other transformations; (g) reacting the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with an aromatic halide compound under conditions sufficient to form an alkynyl-arene linkage; and (h) reacting the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with an N-halosuccinimide in the presence of a cationic gold catalyst to produce a terminal alkynyl halide.

Additionally, in the case wherein the at least one organosilane comprises an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkenyl or heteroalkenyl, such that the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety comprises a silicon bonded optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkenyl or heteroalkenyl, certain embodiments include those methods further comprising reacting the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with an alcohol and a catalyst under conditions to result in the intramolecular allylation of the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety

Additionally, in the case wherein the at least one organosilane comprises a 2-pyridinyl group (as exemplifed herein by (Me)₂(pyridinyl)SiH or (i-Pr)₂(pyridinyl)SiH), the method further comprising reacting the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with a copper carbomagnesation catalyst and an optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl magnesium complex under conditions sufficient to carbomagnesate the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety. Still further embodiments provide reacting the carbomagnesated silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with an optionally substituted aryl iodide or optionally substituted heteroaryl iodide in the presence of a palladium catalyst to form a trisubstituted silylated olefin. And still further embodiments include those where the trisubstituted silylated olefin is reacted with BCl₃ and pinacol under conditions sufficient to borodesilylate the compound, and then optionally reacting the borodesilylated compound with a second optionally substituted aryl iodide or optionally substituted heteroaryl iodide under conditions suitable to cross-couple the resulting C—B bond and the second optionally substituted aryl iodide or optionally substituted heteroaryl iodide.

Still further embodiments include those systems for silylating an organic substrate comprising a terminal alkynyl C—H bond, said system comprising or consisting essentially of a mixture of (a) at least one organosilane and (b) an alkali metal hydroxide, alkoxide, or hydride, and (c) at least one substrate. The systems are described at least in terms as sufficient to accommodate the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the system further comprises the presence of a silylated terminal alkyne derived from the reaction between the substrate and the at least one organosilane.

While the embodiments are described mainly in terms of methods and systems for affecting these transformations, it should be appreciated that any compound derived from these methods and systems, which are not otherwise accessible by other practicable means, are considered within the scope of this invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

The present application is further understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the subject matter, there are shown in the drawings exemplary embodiments of the subject matter; however, the presently disclosed subject matter is not limited to the specific methods, devices, and systems disclosed. In addition, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrates the range of catalytic C—H silylations now available by Earth-abundant metal salts. a, Recently disclosed KOt-Bu catalyzed C—H silylation of N-, O-, and S-containing aromatic heterocycles with high regiocontrol. b, Alkali metal hydroxides catalyze the cross-dehydrogenative silylation of nonaromatic C(sp)-H bonds.

FIG. 2 illustrates a subset of the optimization reaction conditions and the scope of utility with respect to the hydrosilane. For Entries 1-6, 8, and 10, yields were determined by GC-FID analysis using tridecane as an internal standard. For Entries 7, 9, and 11-20, yields were of analytically pure isolated materials. Reactions were conducted on 0.5 mmol scale with 0.5 mL of solvent at the prescribed temperature and time. DME=1,2-dimethoxyethane; DABCO=diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; (iPr)₂PySi—H=2-diisopropylsilyl pyridine; Me₂PySi—H=2-dimethylsilyl pyridine.

FIG. 3 illustrates the scope of the alkyne substrate. Propargyl alcohol (3x) underwent both O—Si and C—Si dehydrogenative coupling to give the bissilylated product 4x; by contrast, N—Si bond formation was not observed for N-methyl propargylamine (3w), giving monosilylated 4w. C—H bonds in bold represent sites that could be engaged by previously developed C—H functionalization methods, including KOt-Bu catalyzed silylation, potentially leading to product mixtures. Reactions were conducted on 0.5 mmol scale with 0.5 mL of solvent at the prescribed temperature. Yields are of analytically pure isolated materials. Selectivities determined by NMR and GC. DME=1,2-dimethoxyethane.

FIGS. 4A-4E illustrate some of the synthetic applications of the inventive methods. FIG. 4A provides a scheme for the multigram synthesis of unbiased ethynylsilane building block 2a. FIG. 4B shows the step-wise reactivity of symmetrical terminal diynes in both the alkyl- and aryl series can be selectively mono- or bis-functionalized by simple modification of the reaction conditions. FIG. 4C shows that dihydrosilanes can undergo double C(sp)-H silylation with NaOH as the catalyst to furnish diethynylsilanes. These products can be readily elaborated to polysubstituted siloles. It should be appreciated that this, and any of the specific examples provided here should be considered exemplars of broader embodiments of the present invention (e.g., in this case, of forming siloles and polysiloles). FIG. 4D shows that 2-silylpyridine directing groups can be installed onto simple alkynes in good yield. These fragments can be advanced to densely substituted olefins. FIG. 4E shows examples of late-stage derivatization of pharmaceutical substances pargyline and mestranol furnishing sila-therapeutics. In the case of the latter, both O—Si and C—Si dehydrogenative coupling occurs. Reactions were conducted on 0.5 mmol scale with 0.5 mL of solvent unless otherwise stated and at the prescribed temperature. Yields were of analytically pure isolated materials. [Si]=PhMe₂Si; DME=1,2-dimethoxyethane.

FIG. 5 directly compares the reactivities of KOH and NaOH catalysts under otherwise identical conditions revealing an unanticipated effect on the reaction outcome depending on whether Na⁺ or K⁺ is present. R=PhMe₂Si (10a); R═H (10b). Reaction conditions are equivalent to those given in FIGS. 3 and 4 for each particular hydrosilane and alkyne. Reactions were conducted on 0.5 mmol scale with 0.5 mL of solvent unless otherwise stated and at the prescribed temperature. Yields are of analytically pure isolated materials. DME=1,2-dimethoxyethane.

FIG. 6 directly compares the reactivities of NaOH/KOH and KO-tert-BuOH catalysts under otherwise identical conditions revealing an unanticipated benefit of using hydroxide vs. alkoxide under certain conditions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is founded on a set of reactions, each of which relies on simple mixtures of organosilanes and strong bases, including alkali metal hydroxide, alkoxides, and hydrides (preferably hydroxides) which together form in situ systems (the structure and nature of the active species is still unknown) able to silylate terminal alkyne groups, in the liquid phase, without the presence of transition metal catalysts, UV radiation or electrical (including plasma) discharges. These reactions are relevant as an important advance in developing practical methods for the preparation of products important for agrochemical, electronics, fine chemical, and pharmaceutical applications. Importantly this reaction is of great interest since it produces only environmentally benign silicates and dihydrogen as the byproduct and can avoid toxic metal waste streams as would be observed with nearly all other approaches proposed in the literature towards this end. The remarkable facility exhibited by these systems provides a useful tool in the kit of chemists in these fields. This utility can be leveraged when combined with other follow-on reactions.

The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying Figures and Examples, all of which form a part of this disclosure. It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the specific products, methods, conditions or parameters described or shown herein, and that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments by way of example only and is not intended to be limiting of any claimed invention. Similarly, unless specifically otherwise stated, any description as to a possible mechanism or mode of action or reason for improvement is meant to be illustrative only, and the invention herein is not to be constrained by the correctness or incorrectness of any such suggested mechanism or mode of action or reason for improvement. Throughout this text, it is recognized that the descriptions refer to compositions and methods of making and using said compositions. That is, where the disclosure describes or claims a feature or embodiment associated with a composition or a method of making or using a composition, it is appreciated that such a description or claim is intended to extend these features or embodiment to embodiments in each of these contexts (i.e., compositions, methods of making, and methods of using).

The present invention includes embodiments related chemical systems and methods for silylating terminal alkynes. Specific embodiments provide methods, each method comprising contacting at least one organic substrate comprising a terminal alkynyl C—H bond, with a mixture of at least one organosilane and an alkali metal hydroxide, alkoxides, and hydrides (preferably hydroxides), under conditions sufficient to form a silylated terminal alkynyl moiety. The reaction operate well in the complete absence of (or substantially complete absence) of transition-metal compounds. Likewise, these methods are also operable in the absence or substantially complete absence of other electromagnetic or thermal triggers needed for initiation or propagation. That is, these embodiments do not need UV irradiation or electric or plasma discharge conditions to operate.

As used herein to describe the systems and methods, the terms “organosilane” or “hydrosilane” may be used interchangeably and refer to a compound or reagent having at least one silicon-hydrogen (Si—H) bond and one carbon-containing moiety. The organosilane may further contain a silicon-carbon, a silicon-oxygen (i.e., encompassing the term “organosiloxane”), a silicon-nitrogen bond, or a combination thereof, and may be monomeric, or contained within an oligomeric or polymeric framework, including being tethered to a heterogeneous or homogeneous support structure. In certain embodiments, these organosilane may comprise at least one compound of Formula (I), Formula (II), or Formula (III): (R)_(4-m)Si(H)_(m)  (I) (R)_(3-m)(H)_(m)Si—(CH₂)_(q)—O_(r)—Si(R)_(3-p)(H)_(p)  (II) R—[—SiH(R)—O—]_(n)—R  (III) where: m and p are are independently 1, 2, or 3; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; r is 0 or 1; n is 10 to 100; and each R is independently halo (e.g., F, Br, Cl, I) (provided at least one R is contains carbon), optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkyl or heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkenyl or heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkynyl or heteroalkynyl, optionally substituted C₅₋₂₀ aryl or C₃₋₂₀ heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₆₋₃₀ alkaryl or heteroalkaryl, optionally substituted C₅₋₃₀ aralkyl or heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₁₂ alkyl or heteroalkyl, optionally substituted —O—C₅₋₂₀ aryl or —O—C₃₋₂₀ heteroaryl, optionally substituted —O—C₅₋₃₀ alkaryl or heteroalkaryl, or optionally substituted —O—C₅₋₃₀ aralkyl or heteroaralkyl, and, if substituted, the substituents may be phosphonato, phosphoryl, phosphanyl, phosphino, sulfonato, C₁-C₂₀ alkylsulfanyl, C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfanyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkylsulfonyl, C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfonyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkylsulfinyl, C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfinyl, sulfonamido, amino, amido, imino, nitro, nitroso, hydroxyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, C₅-C₂₀ aryloxy, C₂-C₂₀ alkoxycarbonyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, carboxylato, mercapto, formyl, C₁-C₂₀ thioester, cyano, cyanato, thiocyanato, isocyanate, thioisocyanate, carbamoyl, epoxy, styrenyl, silyl, silyloxy, silanyl, siloxazanyl, boronato, boryl, or halogen, or a metal-containing or metalloid-containing group, where the metalloid is Sn or Ge, where the substituents may optionally provide a tether to an insoluble or sparingly soluble support media comprising alumina, silica, or carbon. Exemplary, non-limiting organosilanes may independently include (R)₃SiH or (R)₂SiH₂, or (R)SiH₃. In some embodiments for Formula (II), q is 0. In some embodiments for Formula (II), r is 0. In some embodiment R is independently alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl. In certain embodiments, (R)₃SiH include the use of alkyl, aryl, heteraryl, alkoxy, or mixed alkyl-aryl silanes or alkyl-heteroaryl silanes, for example, EtMe₂SiH, (n-Bu)₃SiH, Et₂SiH₂, PhMe₂SiH, BnMe₂SiH, (EtO)₃SiH, (i-Pr)₃SiH, Me₂(pyridinyl)SiH, or (i-Pr)₂(pyridinyl)SiH, or Me₃Si—SiMe₂H. Embodiments involving R₂(pyridinyl)SiH silanes (i.e., the methods and systems involving them) are particularly unique as the inventors are unaware of these having ever been incorporated by a catalytic system of any type. Polymeric materials, such as polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), are also effective.

The use of organosilanes of general structure (R)₂SiH₂ and (R)SiH₃ also work well, and provide for opportunities for coupling or bridging reactions, as described herein. In the presence of a single substrate, bis-alkynyl silanes have been be isolated in good yield (see, e.g., Example 3.4; FIG. 4C). It is possible that at sufficiently mild conditions, the corresponding mono-alkynyl silane may be accessible, but that has yet to be observed. Interestingly, the R₂SiH₂ (and (R)SiH₃) organosilanes may also be reacted with different substrates to yield symmetric and asymetric bis- or tri-alkynyl silanes (again, see, e.g., Example 3.4). Note that Example 3.4 describes a reaction of equimolar amounts of two different substrates, resulting in a product mix that was predominantly (76%) cross-coupled. The reason for this substantial enrichment of the cross-coupled product, relative to what might have been expected from a purely statistical combination of the two substrates, is unknown, but suggests that this inventive methodology may provide a useful tool for the preferential formation of such di- or tri alkynyl cross-coupled silane products.

Additionally, the use of aceylene or poly-yne substrates, in the presence of R₂SiH₂ or silanes of Formula (II) may be useful for preparing polymeric or cyclic ethynlsilanes, non-limiting examples of which include the structure units:

Some of these structures have been described by Gleiter, R. and D. B. Werz, Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 4447-4488, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes.

Previously, some of the inventors reported the use of potassium alkoxide and hydroxide catalysts to effect the silylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic substrates, and noted that potassium-based bases were unique in their ability in this regard. Here, the inventors have identified that, while potassium (and sodium) alkoxides (and in some cases KH) can be used with some substrates, the scope of the reaction is relatively limited (see, e.g., FIG. 6). In silylating terminal alkyne C—H groups, the use of alkali metal hydroxides, especially sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) offers the possibility to silylate a much wider and more varied array of substrates. Interestingly, and for reasons not entirely understood, certain organosilane-substrate combinations practically operate to good yield with either KOH or NaOH (e.g., EtMe₂SiH, PhMe₂SiH, (n-Bu)₃SiH, Et₂SiH₂, (i-Pr)₂(pyridinyl)SiH, or Me₂(pyridinyl)SiH), while others appear to respond better to the use of NaOH(PhMe₂SiH, BnMe₂SiH, (EtO)₃SiH, Me₂(pyridinyl)SiH, or Me₃Si—SiMe₂H), and still others respond better to the use of KOH ((i-Pr)₃SiH, or (i-Pr)₂(pyridinyl)SiH), at least under the mild reaction conditions described herein (see, e.g., FIG. 5). This cation effect (NaOH vs. KOH) also appears to depend on the natures of the substrate (compare reactivity of Me₂PhSiH with various substrates in FIG. 5). The mechanistic reason for this unique and previously unrecognized cation effect is not yet understood. The ability of NaOH and sodium alkoxides (Table 1) to affect these silylations is especially interesting, given their unworkability in other aryl and heteroaryl systems. Note that the reference to independent use of sodium hydroxide, sodium alkoxide, potassium hydroxide, and potassium alkoxides, while preferred do not preclude these materials being used in any combination with one another, and these mixtures are seen as additional embodiments.

The Examples provide exemplary reaction conditions useful for effecting the desired transformations. In other embodiments, substrates, alkali metal hydroxides, alkoxides, and hydrides (preferably hydroxides), and organosilanes may be heated to temperatures ranging from 0° C. to 150° C., or higher, for times ranging from 24 hours to several days, though practically, the reactions proceed to good yield and selectivity when conducted at a temperate in a range of ambient room temperature (e.g., 25° C.) to about 85° C. Interesting, it is shown within this application that by staging the reaction temperatures (for example, from even 45° C. to 65° C.), it is possible to select and provide products that are either monosilylated or disilylated on substrates having two apparently equivalent terminal alkynyl C—H bonds (see, e.g., Example 3.3, FIG. 4B).

These methods typically employ hydrocarbon or ether-based solvents, or can be operated without solvent. Ether solvents, such as tetrahydrofurans (including 2-methyltetrahydrofuran), diethyl and dimethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dioxane, and alkyl terminated glycols have been shown to work well.

The methods are fairly flexible with respect to substrates, particularly when considering NaOH, KOH, or mixtures thereof. The inventive methods provide for the silylation of a wide range of substrates having one, two, or more terminal alkynyl C—H bonds with remarkable efficiency. In some embodiments, the organic substrate comprising the terminal alkynyl C—H bond is described in term of a formula: R¹—C≡C—H, where R¹ comprises H, an optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, or optionally substituted metallocene. R¹ may include individual molecular moieties or be oligomeric or polymeric.

Independent embodiments include those where R¹ is or comprises:

-   -   (a) an optionally substituted linear alkyl, an optionally         substituted branched alkyl, or an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl;     -   (b) an optionally substituted linear alkenyl, an optionally         substituted branched alkenyl, or an optionally substituted         cycloalkenyl;     -   (c) an optionally substituted linear heteroalkyl, an optionally         substituted branched heteroalkyl, or an optionally substituted         heterocycloalkyl;     -   (d) an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted         aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or an optionally         substituted heteroaralkyl; or     -   (e) a combination of any two or more types of substituents         listed in (a) through (d).

In more specific embodiments, R¹ is or comprises:

-   -   (a) an optionally substituted benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, or         anthracene ring structure; or     -   (b) an optionally substituted furan, pyrrole, thiophene,         pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, isoxazole, oxazole, thiazole,         isothiazole, oxadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine,         pyrazine, triazone, benzofuran, benzopyrrole, benzothiophene,         isobenzofuran, isobenzopyrrole, isobenzothiophene, indole,         isoindole, indolizine, indazole, azaindole, benzisoxazole,         benzoxazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline,         naphthyridine, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, 2,3-dihydrobenzopyrrole,         2,3-dihydrobenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, xanthene, dibenzopyrol,         or dibenzothiophene moiety; or     -   (c) the organic substrate comprising the terminal alkynyl C—H         bond is polymeric.

Each of the substrates and organosilanes represent specific examples and embodiments of the materials within the scope of the present invention.

Once formed, the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety can be subject to a variety of known chemical reactions, and the present invention contemplates that methods employing these known methods, when coupled with the inventive methods described here, are within the scope of the present invention. For the sake of clarity, the term “original silylated product” is introduced here to represent the silylated product of the inventive methods, this original silylated product containing the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety previously described. Except as otherwise specified, the reactions which follow represent excellent ways in which to incorporate silyl groups in the final products.

For example, alkynes are useful synthons in forming silylated aromatic, heteroaromatic, cycloalkenyl, or heterocycloalkenyl moieties using Diels-Alder type [2+2] or [4+2] cycloaddition reaction. The pre-incorporation of silyl groups attached to the alkyne group of the present products provides an interesting alternative means to incorporate silyl groups on such aromatic, heteroaromatic, cycloalkenyl, or heterocycloalkenyl products. Accordingly, in some embodiments of the present invention, the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety formed by the present methods may be further reacted with another unsaturated moiety (for example an optionally substituted alkene, alkyne, azide, nitrile, isocynate, isothiocyanate, carbonyl, amide, urea, etc.) to form a silylated aromatic, heteroaromatic, cycloalkenyl, or heterocycloalkenyl structure. This “another unsaturated moiety” may be introduced as a separate molecular entity (i.e., an intermolecular reaction) or may be present in the original silylated product (i.e., an intramolecular reaction)—see e.g., FIG. 4C for but one example of this. In either case, the original silylated product may or may not need to be isolated before effecting the cyclization, and if the latter, the reaction may be conducted in a single pot synthesis.

In other embodiments, the original silylated product may also be reacted with a second, unsaturated organic moiety (cyclic or acyclic, comprising optionally substituted alkene, alkyne, azide, nitrile, isocynate, isothiocyanate, carbonyl, amide, urea, etc.) in a cross-metathesis reaction to form a silylated diolefin or polyolefin product. Such cross-metathesis metathesis reactions are well-known, and the person of ordinary skill would know how to effect these transformations. For example, the use of Grubbs-type ruthenium carbene metathesis catalysts may be used for this purpose, though the contemplated transformations are not limited to these types of catalysts. These may be represented schematically as:

Again, the reactions may be intra- or intermolecular, single- or multi-pot syntheses, and provide another method for incorporating silyl groups under facile and mild conditions. Such downstream transformations are described, for example, in Kim, et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 126 (33), 2004, 10242-10243, which is incorporated by reference herein for its teaching in at least this regard. These products may then be subject to the Diels-Alder type [2+2] or [4+2] cycloaddition reactions described above.

Alternatively, or additionally, the original silylated product may be copolymerized with an optionally substituted enyne, diene, diyne, or cyclic olefin, using any suitable catalyst(s) to form silylated polymers. In certain embodiments, these reactions may comprise metathesis polymerization, for example ROMP. Such metathesis polymerization reactions are well-known, and the person of ordinary skill would know how to affect them, for example, again using Grubbs-type ruthenium carbene metathesis catalysts, though the contemplated transformations are not limited to these types of catalysts. Again, the reactions may be intra- or intermolecular, single- or multi-pot syntheses, and provide another method for incorporating silyl groups into polymers under facile and mild conditions. For example, such methods may provide silylated conducting polyacetylene polymers that would be useful in electronic applications.

In other embodiments, the original silylated product may be further reacted to hydrogenate the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety. This silylated terminal alkynyl moiety may also be reacted with water, alcohols, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen chloride, dihalogen, or carboxylic acids under conditions known to give corresponding vinyl compounds or carbonyl-type compounds. Again, the skilled artisan would be able to affect these transformations without undue effort.

In other embodiments, the original silylated product may be reacted with n organic azide in a [3+2]azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction, for example forming silylated triazoles. Such reactions are also well-known, as so-called Click chemistry, which include 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Such reactions may be inter- or intramolecular reaction and are typically catalyzed by copper, copper-iron, or ruthenium-containing catalysts. Again, it would be well within the skills of a person of ordinary skill to affect such transformations without undue burden.

Other embodiments provide that alkynyl aryl silanes react with, for example, triflic acid, to form silanols. See, for example, Franz, A. K., et al., J. Med. Chem., 2013, 56, 388-405, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes. Accordingly, certain embodiments of this invention provide for the further reaction of the original silylated product with triflic acid to form the corresponding silanol. As the present invention also allows for the incorporation of alkoxy silanes (e.g., (RO)₃SiH), similar silanol products can be prepared simply by hydrolyzing the original silylated product, where that original silylated product contains comprises an alkoxysilyl group.

The mildness of the conditions in these inventive methods, and the absence of any need for transition metal catalysts, makes them especially suitable for pharmaceutical or medicinal applications, silyl derivatives have been shown to be particularly important. In addition to the use of the inventive silyl derivatives for mechanistic determinations of modes of action, of enhancing tissue penetration, altering hydrogen-bonding effects, and lack of known toxicity effects, organosilicon compounds are finding use as biological imaging agents. The inventive silylated terminal alkynes can be expected to be effective in their own right for these purposes, as the methods allow for the incorporation of a wide variety of silyl moieties at virtually any stage in a drug's synthesis. Additionally, siloxylated terminal olefins (e.g., where the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety comprises an —Si(OR)₃ group) may further be reacted with, for example KHF₂, to form tetrafluorosilicate groups—i.e, as R¹—C≡C—SiF₄ ⁻ compounds (or radiolabeled ¹⁸F versions thereof). Such transformations and advantages are described, for example, in Franz, A. K., et al., J. Med. Chem., 2013, 56, 388-405.

The inventive terminal alkynyl silanes may also be activated by fluoride or alkoxides, with the associated removal of the silyl group to form alkynyl nucleophiles which can then react with electrophiles. Accordingly, other embodiments also provide for the reaction of the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with a fluoride containing salt (e.g., alkali metal or tetra-aryl, tetra-alkyl, or mixed alkyl/aryl ammonium salts) with or without the presence of an acid stronger then HF to generate an activated, desilylated alkynyl nucleophile, to be added to other substrates, for example, alkyl halides (or any alkyl group with a suitable leaving group, including without limitation tosylates, triflates, or any alcohol, amine, or carboxylic acid protecting group), acyl halides (including acyl chlorides), substituted alkene (e.g., Michael addition acceptors), enones (or generally α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds), epoxides, esters, α-keto-esters (including trifluoro- or other substituted pyruvate), etc. In the presence of chiral palladium catalysts, such as (but not limited to) (S)-BINAP-Pd²⁺ catalysts, the reaction may be done to yield optically active addition products. Such chemistry is described, for example, in Aikawa, K., et al., Org. Lett., 12, 5716-5719 (2010), which is incorporated by reference for all purposes.

In other embodiments, the original silylated product may be further reacted simply to remove the silyl group originally added to the terminal alkynyl C—H bond and replace it with a hydrogen, deuterium, or tritium atom. This could be accoomplished, for example, simply by quenching the desilylated alkynyl nucleophile with a protic (of isotopic) source. Such a strategy would be useful if the silyl group was originally added to protect the otherwise acidic terminal alkynyl C—H group from reactions conducted on the substrate away from this C—H group, or act as a directing group (e.g., see the carbomagnesation reactions described below). In still other embodiments, the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety may be reacted with an N-halosuccinimide in the presence of a cationic gold catalyst to produce a terminal alkynyl halide, where halo is preferably bromo or iodo. Again, such reactions are known and described, for example, in Starkov, et al., Adv. Synth. Catal., 2012, 354, pp. 3217-3224, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes.

In other embodiments, the original silylated product may be further reacted with an aromatic halide compound under conditions sufficient to form an alkynyl-arene linkage, for example using Pd/Cu catalysts, such as Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂, CuI catalysts and optionally substituted iodo or bromo aromatic compounds. E.g.,

where R and R¹ are as described above, and [Het]Ar—X refers to an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl bromide or iodide.

In other specific embodiments, wherein the at least one organosilane comprises an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkenyl or heteroalkenyl, such that the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety comprises a silicon bonded optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkenyl or heteroalkenyl, the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety may further be reacted with an alcohol and a catalyst under conditions to result in the intramolecular allylation of the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety:

where R and R¹ are as described above. Such reactions have been described, for example, in Park and Lee, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 10664-10665, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes.

In the specific case wherein the at least one organosilane comprises a 2-pyridinyl group (of which (Me)₂(pyridinyl)SiH or (i-Pr)₂(pyridinyl)SiH are but two non-limiting examples), further embodiments provide methods in which the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety is reacted with a copper carbomagnesation catalyst and an optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl magnesium complex under conditions suitable and sufficient sufficient to carbomagnesate the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety. Such reactions are well-documented, for example in Itami, et al., Synlett 2006, No. 2, 157-180, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes. In such cases, for example, the reaction of an original silylated product as shown below, with an optionally substituted aromatic magnesium complex, such as described in terms of [Het]Ar¹—MgI, results in a corresponding carbomagnesated product:

where R and R¹ are as described above, and [Het]Ar¹ is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl moiety, again as described above. The conditions useful for carrying out this and the following transformations are available in the Itami reference cited above. Thecombined reactions are a powerful way of forming stereospecific products.

The carbomagnesated silylated terminal alkynyl moiety may then be reacted with an optionally substituted aryl iodide or optionally substituted heteroaryl iodide (designated here as [Het]Ar²) in the presence of a palladium catalyst to form a trisubstituted silylated olefin. For example,

where [Het]Ar² is also an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl moiety, again as described above, which may be the same or different than [Het]Ar¹.

The trisubstituted silylated olefin may then reacted with BCl₃ and pinacol under conditions sufficient to borodesilylate the compound. In separate steps, the borodesilylated compound may be reacted with a second optionally substituted aryl iodide or optionally substituted heteroaryl iodide under conditions suitable to cross-couple the resulting C—B bond and the second optionally substituted aryl iodide or optionally substituted heteroaryl iodide. These reactions are shown schematically as:

where [Het]Ar³ is also an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl moiety, again as described above, which may be the same or different than [Het]Ar¹ or [Het]Ar². The borodesilylation reactions have been previously described, for example, in Babudri, et al., Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 1085) as have the Suzuki-Miyaura-type boron-based crosscoupling reactions (e.g., see (a) Miyaura, N.; Suzuki, A. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2457; and (b) Miyaura, N. Top. Curr. Chem. 2002, 219, 11). Each of these references is incorporated by reference herein in their entireties for all purposes.

It should be appreciated that hydrogenating the original silylated product containing a a 2-pyridinyl silyl group can result in the corresponding 2-pyridinyl silyl olefin, and that the reference to Itami (i.e., Itami, et al., Synlett 2006, No. 2, 157-180) describes a rich chemistry of such compounds. To the extent allowable by local law, such transformations of products derived from the inventive methods described in the present disclosure are also considered within the scope of the present invention.

The inventive concepts have been thusfar described in terms of the methods of catalytically silylating terminal alkynyl C(sp)-H bonds. It should be appreciated that the products obtained from such methods, to the extent that they are not practically available by other means known at the time of this filing, and the systems used in these methods, are all considered within the scope of the present disclosure.

Again, the present invention includes embodiments for any system necessary to affect any of the methods described herein. For example, certain embodiments provide systems for silylating an organic substrate comprising a terminal alkynyl C—H bond, each system comprising or consisting essentially of a mixture of (a) at least one organosilane and (b) an alkali metal hydroxide (and in some cases, sodium or potassium alkoxide or hydride, or a mixture thereof), and (c) at least one substrate. Such systems typically include the substrate(s) upon which the system is operable, the substrates comprising at least one terminal alkynyl C(sp)-H moiety. Typically, the system is substantially free of transition-metal compounds, or where present, the transition metal may be considered a spectator to the reaction. In some embodiments, the system further comprises the presence of a silylated terminal alkyne derived from the reaction between the substrate and the at least one organosilane.

In such systems, the at last one organosilane comprises an organosilane of Formula (I), Formula (II), or Formula (III): (R)_(4-m)Si(H)_(m)  (I) (R)_(3-m)(H)_(m)Si—(CH₂)_(q)—O_(r)—Si(R)_(3-p)(H)_(p)  (II) R—[—SiH(R)—O—]_(n)—R  (III) where: m, n, p, q, r and R are described elsewhere. Similarly, in various independent embodiments of the systems:

-   -   (a) the organosilane is (R)₃SiH, (R)₂SiH₂, or (R)SiH₃;     -   (b) R independently comprises alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl,         aryloxy, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl;     -   (c) the alkali metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide (NaOH),         potassium hydroxide (KOH), or a combination thereof;     -   (d) the alkali metal alkoxide is a sodium hydroxide, potassium         alkoxide (KOH), or a combination thereof;     -   (e) the organic substrate comprising the terminal alkynyl C—H         bond has a formula:         R¹—C≡C—H,         where R¹ is defined according to any of the method embodiments         described above.

TERMS

In the present disclosure the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural reference, and reference to a particular numerical value includes at least that particular value, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to “a material” is a reference to at least one of such materials and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

When a value is expressed as an approximation by use of the descriptor “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. In general, use of the term “about” indicates approximations that can vary depending on the desired properties sought to be obtained by the disclosed subject matter and is to be interpreted in the specific context in which it is used, based on its function. The person skilled in the art will be able to interpret this as a matter of routine. In some cases, the number of significant figures used for a particular value may be one non-limiting method of determining the extent of the word “about.” In other cases, the gradations used in a series of values may be used to determine the intended range available to the term “about” for each value. Where present, all ranges are inclusive and combinable. That is, references to values stated in ranges include every value within that range.

It is to be appreciated that certain features of the invention which are, for clarity, described herein in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. That is, unless obviously incompatible or specifically excluded, each individual embodiment is deemed to be combinable with any other embodiment(s) and such a combination is considered to be another embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any sub-combination. Finally, while an embodiment may be described as part of a series of steps or part of a more general structure, each said step may also be considered an independent embodiment in itself, combinable with others.

The transitional terms “comprising,” “consisting essentially of,” and “consisting” are intended to connote their generally in accepted meanings in the patent vernacular; that is, (i) “comprising,” which is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps; (ii) “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim; and (iii) “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps “and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s)” of the claimed invention. Embodiments described in terms of the phrase “comprising” (or its equivalents), also provide, as embodiments, those which are independently described in terms of “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of.” For those embodiments provided in terms of “consisting essentially of,” the basic and novel characteristic(s) is the facile operability of the methods to provide silylated products at meaningful yields (or the ability of the systems used in such methods to provide the product compositions at meaningful yields or the compositions derived therefrom) to silylate terminal alkynyl C(sp)-H moieties using only those ingredients listed. In those embodiments that provide a system or method comprises the use of a mixture consisting essentially of the substrate, organosilane (alternatively referred to as hydrosilane), and strong base (sodium or potassium hydroxide, alkoxide, or hydride), it refers to the fact that this system operates to silylate the substrate at rates corresponding to those described herein under comparable conditions as described herein without additional (e.g., transition metal) catalysts or plasma or UV radiation sources. While some level of transition metals may be present (for example, as a substrate), they are not needed for the operability of the methods, and may be considered spectators for purposes of this reaction. Indeed, extensive experiments and analyses conducted rule out catalysis by adventitious transition metal residues (see Example 2.1.2, Table 2). Similarly, while other previous silylation reactions have employed plasma or UV irradiation to operate, the present invention does not require these energy sources. The additional presence of these energy sources should not be seen as replacing the basis underlying operability of the present methods. The term “meaningful product yields” is intended to reflect product yields of greater than 50%, but when specified, this term may also refer to yields of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% or more, relative to the amount of original substrate.

When a list is presented, unless stated otherwise, it is to be understood that each individual element of that list, and every combination of that list, is a separate embodiment. For example, a list of embodiments presented as “A, B, or C” is to be interpreted as including the embodiments, “A,” “B,” “C,” “A or B,” “A or C,” “B or C,” or “A, B, or C.” Similarly, a designation such as C₁₋₃ includes C₁, C₂, C₃, C₁₋₂, C₂₋₃, C_(1,3), as separate embodiments, as well as C₁₋₃.

Throughout this specification, words are to be afforded their normal meaning, as would be understood by those skilled in the relevant art. However, so as to avoid misunderstanding, the meanings of certain terms will be specifically defined or clarified.

The term “alkyl” as used herein refers to a linear, branched, or cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group typically although not necessarily containing 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, octyl, decyl, and the like, as well as cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like. Generally, although again not necessarily, alkyl groups herein contain 1 to about 12 carbon atoms. The term “lower alkyl” intends an alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and the specific term “cycloalkyl” intends a cyclic alkyl group, typically having 4 to 8, preferably 5 to 7, carbon atoms. The term “substituted alkyl” refers to alkyl groups substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing alkyl” and “heteroalkyl” refer to alkyl groups in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. If not otherwise indicated, the terms “alkyl” and “lower alkyl” include linear, branched, cyclic, unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing alkyl and lower alkyl groups, respectively.

The term “alkylene” as used herein refers to a difunctional linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group, where “alkyl” is as defined above.

The term “alkenyl” as used herein refers to a linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group of 2 to about 24 carbon atoms containing at least one double bond, such as ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-butenyl, isobutenyl, octenyl, decenyl, tetradecenyl, hexadecenyl, eicosenyl, tetracosenyl, and the like. Preferred alkenyl groups herein contain 2 to about 12 carbon atoms. The term “lower alkenyl” intends an alkenyl group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and the specific term “cycloalkenyl” intends a cyclic alkenyl group, preferably having 5 to 8 carbon atoms. The term “substituted alkenyl” refers to alkenyl groups substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing alkenyl” and “heteroalkenyl” refer to alkenyl groups in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. If not otherwise indicated, the terms “alkenyl” and “lower alkenyl” include linear, branched, cyclic, unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing alkenyl and lower alkenyl groups, respectively.

The term “alkenylene” as used herein refers to a difunctional linear, branched, or cyclic alkenyl group, where “alkenyl” is as defined above.

The term “alkynyl” as used herein refers to a linear or branched hydrocarbon group of 2 to about 24 carbon atoms containing at least one triple bond, such as ethynyl, n-propynyl, and the like. Preferred alkynyl groups herein contain 2 to about 12 carbon atoms. The term “lower alkynyl” intends an alkynyl group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms. The term “substituted alkynyl” refers to an alkynyl group substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing alkynyl” and “heteroalkynyl” refer to alkynyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. If not otherwise indicated, the terms “alkynyl” and “lower alkynyl” include a linear, branched, unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing alkynyl and lower alkynyl group, respectively.

The term “alkoxy” as used herein intends an alkyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage; that is, an “alkoxy” group may be represented as —O-alkyl where alkyl is as defined above. A “lower alkoxy” group intends an alkoxy group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Analogously, “alkenyloxy” and “lower alkenyloxy” respectively refer to an alkenyl and lower alkenyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage, and “alkynyloxy” and “lower alkynyloxy” respectively refer to an alkynyl and lower alkynyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage.

The term “aromatic” refers to the ring moieties which satisfy the Hückel 4n+2 rule for aromaticity, and includes both aryl (i.e., carbocyclic) and heteroaryl (also called heteroaromatic) structures, including aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, or alk-heteroaryl moieties, or pre-polymeric (e.g., monomeric, dimeric), oligomeric or polymeric analogs thereof.

The term “aryl” as used herein, and unless otherwise specified, refers to an aromatic substituent or structure containing a single aromatic ring or multiple aromatic rings that are fused together, directly linked, or indirectly linked (such that the different aromatic rings are bound to a common group such as a methylene or ethylene moiety). Unless otherwise modified, the term “aryl” refers to carbocyclic structures. Preferred aryl groups contain 5 to 24 carbon atoms, and particularly preferred aryl groups contain 5 to 14 carbon atoms. Exemplary aryl groups contain one aromatic ring or two fused or linked aromatic rings, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, diphenylether, diphenylamine, benzophenone, and the like. “Substituted aryl” refers to an aryl moiety substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing aryl” and “heteroaryl” refer to aryl substituents in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom, as will be described in further detail infra.

The term “aryloxy” as used herein refers to an aryl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage, wherein “aryl” is as defined above. An “aryloxy” group may be represented as —O-aryl where aryl is as defined above. Preferred aryloxy groups contain 5 to 24 carbon atoms, and particularly preferred aryloxy groups contain 5 to 14 carbon atoms. Examples of aryloxy groups include, without limitation, phenoxy, o-halo-phenoxy, m-halo-phenoxy, p-halo-phenoxy, o-methoxy-phenoxy, m-methoxy-phenoxy, p-methoxy-phenoxy, 2,4-dimethoxy-phenoxy, 3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy, and the like.

The term “alkaryl” refers to an aryl group with an alkyl substituent, and the term “aralkyl” refers to an alkyl group with an aryl substituent, wherein “aryl” and “alkyl” are as defined above. Preferred alkaryl and aralkyl groups contain 6 to 24 carbon atoms, and particularly preferred alkaryl and aralkyl groups contain 6 to 16 carbon atoms. Alkaryl groups include, for example, p-methylphenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, p-cyclohexylphenyl, 2,7-dimethylnaphthyl, 7-cyclooctylnaphthyl, 3-ethyl-cyclopenta-1,4-diene, and the like. Examples of aralkyl groups include, without limitation, benzyl, 2-phenyl-ethyl, 3-phenyl-propyl, 4-phenyl-butyl, 5-phenyl-pentyl, 4-phenylcyclohexyl, 4-benzylcyclohexyl, 4-phenylcyclohexylmethyl, 4-benzylcyclohexylmethyl, and the like. The terms “alkaryloxy” and “aralkyloxy” refer to substituents of the formula —OR wherein R is alkaryl or aralkyl, respectively, as just defined.

The term “acyl” refers to substituents having the formula —(CO)-alkyl, —(CO)-aryl, or —(CO)-aralkyl, and the term “acyloxy” refers to substituents having the formula —O(CO)— alkyl, —O(CO)-aryl, or —O(CO)-aralkyl, wherein “alkyl,” “aryl, and “aralkyl” are as defined above.

The terms “cyclic” and “ring” refer to alicyclic or aromatic groups that may or may not be substituted and/or heteroatom-containing, and that may be monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic. The term “alicyclic” is used in the conventional sense to refer to an aliphatic cyclic moiety, as opposed to an aromatic cyclic moiety, and may be monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic. The term “acyclic” refers to a structure in which the double bond is not contained within a ring structure.

The terms “halo,” “halide,” and “halogen” are used in the conventional sense to refer to a chloro, bromo, fluoro, or iodo substituent.

“Hydrocarbyl” refers to univalent hydrocarbyl radicals containing 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, most preferably 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, including linear, branched, cyclic, saturated, and unsaturated species, such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and the like. The term “lower hydrocarbyl” intends a hydrocarbyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and the term “hydrocarbylene” intends a divalent hydrocarbyl moiety containing 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, most preferably 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, including linear, branched, cyclic, saturated and unsaturated species. The term “lower hydrocarbylene” intends a hydrocarbylene group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. “Substituted hydrocarbyl” refers to hydrocarbyl substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl” and “heterohydrocarbyl” refer to hydrocarbyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. Similarly, “substituted hydrocarbylene” refers to hydrocarbylene substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing hydrocarbylene“and heterohydrocarbylene” refer to hydrocarbylene in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. Unless otherwise indicated, the term “hydrocarbyl” and “hydrocarbylene” are to be interpreted as including substituted and/or heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl and hydrocarbylene moieties, respectively.

The term “heteroatom-containing” as in a “heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl group” refers to a hydrocarbon molecule or a hydrocarbyl molecular fragment in which one or more carbon atoms is replaced with an atom other than carbon, e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus or silicon, typically nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Similarly, the term “heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl substituent that is heteroatom-containing, the term “heterocyclic” refers to a cyclic substituent that is heteroatom-containing, the terms “heteroaryl” and heteroaromatic” respectively refer to “aryl” and “aromatic” substituents that are heteroatom-containing, and the like. It should be noted that a “heterocyclic” group or compound may or may not be aromatic, and further that “heterocycles” may be monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic as described above with respect to the term “aryl.” Examples of heteroalkyl groups include alkoxyaryl, alkylsulfanyl-substituted alkyl, N-alkylated amino alkyl, and the like. Non-limiting examples of heteroaryl substituents include pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, etc., and examples of heteroatom-containing alicyclic groups are pyrrolidino, morpholino, piperazino, piperidino, etc.

As used herein, the terms “substrate” or “organic substrate” are intended to connote both discrete small molecules (sometimes described as “organic compounds”) and oligomers and polymers containing such “aromatic moieties.” The term “aromatic moieties” is intended to refer to those portions of the compounds, pre-polymers (i.e., monomeric compounds capable of polymerizing), oligomers, or polymers having at least one of the indicated aromatic structure. Where shown as structures, the moieties contain at least that which is shown, as well as containing further functionalization, substituents, or both, including but not limited to the functionalization described as “Fn” herein.

By “substituted” as in “substituted hydrocarbyl,” “substituted alkyl,” “substituted aryl,” and the like, as alluded to in some of the aforementioned definitions, is meant that in the hydrocarbyl, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or other moiety, at least one hydrogen atom bound to a carbon (or other) atom is replaced with one or more non-hydrogen substituents. Examples of such substituents include, without limitation: functional groups referred to herein as “Fn,” such as halo (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I), hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyloxy, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyloxy, C₅-C₂₄ aryloxy, C₆-C₂₄ aralkyloxy, C₆-C₂₄ alkaryloxy, acyl (including C₁-C₂₄ alkylcarbonyl (—CO-alkyl) and C₆-C₂₄ arylcarbonyl (—CO-aryl)), acyloxy (—O-acyl, including C₂-C₂₄ alkylcarbonyloxy (—O—CO-alkyl) and C₆-C₂₄ arylcarbonyloxy (—O—CO-aryl)), C₂-C₂₄ alkoxycarbonyl ((CO)—O-alkyl), C₆-C₂₄ aryloxycarbonyl (—(CO)—O-aryl), halocarbonyl (—CO)—X where X is halo), C₂-C₂₄ alkylcarbonato (—O—(CO)—O-alkyl), C₆-C₂₄ arylcarbonato (—O—(CO)—O-aryl), carboxy (—COOH), carboxylato (—COO—), carbamoyl (—(CO)—NH₂), mono-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl (—(CO)NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)), di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl (—(CO)—N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂), mono-(C₁-C₂₄ haloalkyl)-substituted carbamoyl (—(CO)—NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)), di-(C₁-C₂₄ haloalkyl)-substituted carbamoyl (—(CO)—N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂), mono-(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)-substituted carbamoyl (—(CO)—NH-aryl), di-(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)substituted carbamoyl (—(CO)—N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂), di-N—(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), N—(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)-substituted carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl (—(CS)—NH₂), mono-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl (—(CO)—NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)), di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl (—(CO)—N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂), mono-(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)substituted thiocarbamoyl (—(CO)—NH-aryl), di-(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl (—(CO)—N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂), di-N—(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), N—(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl, carbamido (—NH—(CO)—NH₂), cyano (—C≡N), cyanato (—O—C═N), thiocyanato (—S—C═N), formyl (—(CO)—H), thioformyl (—(CS)—H), amino (—NH₂), mono-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted amino, di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted amino, mono-(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)substituted amino, di-(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)-substituted amino, C₁-C₂₄ alkylamido (—NH—(CO)-alkyl), C₆-C₂₄ arylamido (—NH—(CO)-aryl), imino (—CR═NH where R=hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, C5-C24 aryl, C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl, C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, etc.), C₂-C₂₀ alkylimino (—CR═N(alkyl), where R=hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, C₅-C₂₄ aryl, C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl, C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, etc.), arylimino (—CR═N(aryl), where R=hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₅-C₂₄ aryl, C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl, C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, etc.), nitro (—NO₂), nitroso (—NO), sulfo (—SO₂OH), sulfonate(SO₂O—), C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfanyl (—S-alkyl; also termed “alkylthio”), C₅-C₂₄ arylsulfanyl (—S-aryl; also termed “arylthio”), C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfinyl (—(SO)-alkyl), C₅-C₂₄ arylsulfinyl (—(SO)-aryl), C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfonyl (—SO₂-alkyl), C₁-C₂₄ monoalkylaminosulfonyl-SO₂—N(H) alkyl), C₁-C₂₄ dialkylaminosulfonyl-SO₂—N(alkyl)₂, C₅-C₂₄ arylsulfonyl (—SO₂-aryl), boryl (—BH₂), borono (—B(OH)₂), boronato (—B(OR)₂ where R is alkyl or other hydrocarbyl), phosphono (—P(O)(OH)₂), phosphonato (—P(O)(O)₂), phosphinato (P(O)(O—)), phospho (—PO₂), and phosphine (—PH₂); and the hydrocarbyl moieties C₁-C₂₄ alkyl (preferably C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more preferably C₁-C₆ alkyl), C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl (preferably C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, more preferably C₂-C₆ alkenyl), C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl (preferably C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, more preferably C2-C6 alkynyl), C₅-C₂₄ aryl (preferably C₅-C₂₄ aryl), C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl (preferably C₆-C₁₆ alkaryl), and C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl (preferably C₆-C₁₆ aralkyl). Within these substituent structures, the “alkyl,” “alkylene,” “alkenyl,” “alkenylene,” “alkynyl,” “alkynylene,” “alkoxy,” “aromatic,” “aryl,” “aryloxy,” “alkaryl,” and “aralkyl” moieties may be optionally fluorinated or perfluorinated. Additionally, reference to alcohols, aldehydes, amines, carboxylic acids, ketones, or other similarly reactive functional groups also includes their protected analogs. For example, reference to hydroxy or alcohol also includes those substituents wherein the hydroxy is protected by acetyl (Ac), benzoyl (Bz), benzyl (Bn, Bnl), β-Methoxyethoxymethyl ether (MEM), dimethoxytrityl, [bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl](DMT), methoxymethyl ether (MOM), methoxytrityl [(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl, MMT), p-methoxybenzyl ether (PMB), methylthiomethyl ether, pivaloyl (Piv), tetrahydropyranyl (THP), tetrahydrofuran (THF), trityl (triphenylmethyl, Tr), silyl ether (most popular ones include trimethylsilyl (TMS), tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), tri-iso-propylsilyloxymethyl (TOM), and triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) ethers), ethoxyethyl ethers (EE). Reference to amines also includes those substituents wherein the amine is protected by a BOC glycine, carbobenzyloxy (Cbz), p-methoxybenzyl carbonyl (Moz or MeOZ), tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC), 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC), acetyl (Ac), benzoyl (Bz), benzyl (Bn), carbamate, p-methoxybenzyl (PMB), 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl (DMPM), p-methoxyphenyl (PMP), tosyl (Ts) group, or sulfonamide (Nosyl & Nps) group. Reference to substituent containing a carbonyl group also includes those substituents wherein the carbonyl is protected by an acetal or ketal, acylal, or diathane group. Reference to substituent containing a carboxylic acid or carboxylate group also includes those substituents wherein the carboxylic acid or carboxylate group is protected by its methyl ester, benzyl ester, tert-butyl ester, an ester of 2,6-disubstituted phenol (e.g. 2,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-diisopropylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), a silyl ester, an orthoester, or an oxazoline. Preferred substituents are those identified herein as not or less affecting the silylation chemistries, for example, including those substituents comprising alkyls; alkoxides, aryloxides, aralkylalkoxides, protected carbonyl groups; aryls optionally substituted with F, Cl, —CF₃; epoxides; N-alkyl aziridines; cis- and trans-olefins; acetylenes; pyridines, primary, secondary and tertiary amines; phosphines; and hydroxides.

By “functionalized” as in “functionalized hydrocarbyl,” “functionalized alkyl,” “functionalized olefin,” “functionalized cyclic olefin,” and the like, is meant that in the hydrocarbyl, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, olefin, cyclic olefin, or other moiety, at least one hydrogen atom bound to a carbon (or other) atom is replaced with one or more functional groups such as those described herein and above. The term “functional group” is meant to include any functional species that is suitable for the uses described herein. In particular, as used herein, a functional group would necessarily possess the ability to react with or bond to corresponding functional groups on a substrate surface.

In addition, the aforementioned functional groups may, if a particular group permits, be further substituted with one or more additional functional groups or with one or more hydrocarbyl moieties such as those specifically enumerated above. Analogously, the above-mentioned hydrocarbyl moieties may be further substituted with one or more functional groups or additional hydrocarbyl moieties such as those specifically enumerated.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described circumstance may or may not occur, so that the description includes instances where the circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. For example, the phrase “optionally substituted” means that a non-hydrogen substituent may or may not be present on a given atom, and, thus, the description includes structures wherein a non-hydrogen substituent is present and structures wherein a non-hydrogen substituent is not present.

As used herein, the term “silylating” refers to the forming of carbon-silicon bonds, generally in a position previously occupied by a carbon-hydrogen bond, generally a non-activated C—H bond. Silylating may be seen as coupling of a C—H and Si—H bond to form a C—Si bond. The ability to replace directly a C—H bond with a C—Si bond, under the conditions described herein, is believed to be unprecedented.

As used herein, the term “substantially free of a transition-metal compound” is intended to reflect that the system is effective for its intended purpose of silylating terminal alkyne C—H bonds under the relatively mild conditions described herein, even in the absence of any exogenous (i.e., deliberately added or otherwise) transition-metal catalyst(s). While certain embodiments provide that transition metals, including those capable of catalyzing silylation reactions, may be present within the systems or methods described herein at levels normally associated with such catalytic activity (for example, in the case where the substrates comprise metallocenes), the presence of such metals (either as catalysts or spectator compounds) is not required and in many cases is not desirable. As such, in preferred embodiments, the system and methods are “substantially free of transition-metal compounds.” Unless otherwise stated, then, the term “substantially free of a transition-metal compound” is defined to reflect that the total level of transition metal within the silylating system, independently or in the presence of organic substrate, is less than about 5 ppm, as measured by ICP-MS as described in Example 2.1.2, Table 2 below. When expressly stated as such, additional embodiments also provide that the concentration of transition metals is less than about 10 wt %, 5 wt %, 1 wt %, 100 ppm, 50 ppm, 30 ppm, 25 ppm, 20 ppm, 15 ppm, 10 ppm, or 5 ppm to about 1 ppm or 0 ppm. As used herein, the term “transition metal” is defined to include d-block elements, for example Ag, Au, Co, Cr, Rh, Ir, Fe, Ru, Os, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Zn, or combinations thereof. In further specific independent embodiments, the concentration of Ni, as measured by ICP-MS, is less than 25 ppm, less than 10 ppm, less than 5 ppm, or less than 1 ppm.

While it may not be necessary to limit the system's exposure to water and oxygen, in some embodiments, the chemical systems and the methods are done in an environment substantially free of water, oxygen, or both water and oxygen. In other embodiments, air and/or water are present. Unless otherwise specified, the term “substantially free of water” refers to levels of water less than about 500 ppm and “substantially free of oxygen” refers to oxygen levels corresponding to partial pressures less than 1 torr. Where stated, additional independent embodiments may provide that “substantially free of water” refers to levels of water less than 1.5%, 1%, 0.5%, 1000 ppm, 500 ppm, 250 ppm, 100 ppm, 50 ppm, 10 ppm, or 1 ppm and “substantially free of oxygen” refers to oxygen levels corresponding to partial pressures less than 50 torr, 10 torr, 5 torr, 1 torr, 500 millitorr, 250 millitorr, 100 millitorr, 50 millitorr, or 10 millitorr. In the General Procedure described herein, deliberate efforts were made to exclude both water and oxygen, unless otherwise specified.

The following listing of Embodiments is intended to complement, rather than displace or supersede, the previous descriptions.

Embodiment 1

A method comprising contacting at least one organic substrate comprising a terminal alkynyl C—H bond, with a mixture of at least one organosilane and an alkali metal hydroxide (or alkoxide or hydride), under conditions sufficient to form a silylated terminal alkynyl moiety in the substantially absence of transition-metal compounds. Relatedly, this method also comprises operating in the substantial absence of transition metal compounds, or other electromagnetic or thermal initiation or propagation.

Embodiment 2

The method of Embodiment 1, wherein the transition-metal compounds are present at less than 1 ppm, relative to the weight of the total system.

Embodiment 3

The method of Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein at least one organosilane comprises an organosilane of Formula (I), Formula (II), or Formula (III): (R)_(4-m)Si(H)_(m)  (I) (R)_(3-m)(H)_(m)Si—(CH₂)_(q)—O_(r)—Si(R)_(3-p)(H)_(p)  (II) R—[—SiH(R)—O—]_(n)—R  (III) where: m and p are are independently 1, 2, or 3; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; r is 0 or 1; n is 10 to 100; and each R is independently halo (e.g., F, Br, Cl, I) (provided at least one R is contains carbon), optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkyl or heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkenyl or heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkynyl or heteroalkynyl, optionally substituted C₅₋₂₀ aryl or C₃₋₂₀ heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₆₋₃₀ alkaryl or heteroalkaryl, optionally substituted C₅₋₃₀ aralkyl or heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₁₂ alkyl or heteroalkyl, optionally substituted —O—C₅₋₂₀ aryl or —O—C₃₋₂₀ heteroaryl, optionally substituted —O—C₅₋₃₀ alkaryl or heteroalkaryl, or optionally substituted —O—C₅₋₃₀ aralkyl or heteroaralkyl, and, if substituted, the substituents may be phosphonato, phosphoryl, phosphanyl, phosphino, sulfonato, C₁-C₂₀ alkylsulfanyl, C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfanyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkylsulfonyl, C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfonyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkylsulfinyl, C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfinyl, sulfonamido, amino, amido, imino, nitro, nitroso, hydroxyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, C₅-C₂₀ aryloxy, C₂-C₂₀ alkoxycarbonyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, carboxylato, mercapto, formyl, C₁-C₂₀ thioester, cyano, cyanato, thiocyanato, isocyanate, thioisocyanate, carbamoyl, epoxy, styrenyl, silyl, silyloxy, silanyl, siloxazanyl, boronato, boryl, or halogen, or a metal-containing or metalloid-containing group, where the metalloid is Sn or Ge, where the substituents may optionally provide a tether to an insoluble or sparingly soluble support media comprising alumina, silica, or carbon. In some embodiments for Formula (II), q is 0. In some embodiments for Formula (II), r is 0. Any of the silanes described in this disclosure are also considered separate embodiments when used in these methods or systems.

Embodiment 4

The method of claim 3, wherein the organosilane is (R)₃SiH, (R)₂SiH₂, or (R)SiH₃. In some of these embodiments, R is independently alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl.

Embodiment 5

The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the alkali metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (or the alkali metal alkoxide is sodium alkoxide).

Embodiment 6

The method of Embodiment 5, wherein the organosilane is EtMe₂SiH, PhMe₂SiH, BnMe₂SiH, (n-Bu)₃SiH, Et₂SiH₂, (EtO)₃SiH, Me₂(pyridinyl)SiH, or Me₃Si—SiMe₂H.

Embodiment 7

The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the alkali metal hydroxide is potassium hydroxide (KOH) (or the alkali metal alkoxide is potassium alkoxide).

Embodiment 8

The method of Embodiment 7, wherein the organosilane is EtMe₂SiH, PhMe₂SiH, (n-Bu)₃SiH, Et₂SiH₂, (i-Pr)₃SiH, or (i-Pr)₂(pyridinyl)SiH.

Embodiment 9

The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the organic substrate comprising the terminal alkynyl C—H bond has a formula: R¹—C≡C—H, where R¹ comprises H, an optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, or optionally substituted metallocene.

Embodiment 10

The method of Embodiment 9, wherein R¹ is or comprises an optionally substituted linear alkyl, an optionally substituted branched alkyl, or an optionally substituted cycloalkyl.

Embodiment 11

The method of Embodiment 9, wherein R¹ is or comprises an optionally substituted linear alkenyl, an optionally substituted branched alkenyl, or an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl

Embodiment 12

The method of Embodiment 9, wherein R¹ is or comprises an optionally substituted linear heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted branched heteroalkyl, or an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl.

Embodiment 13

The method of Embodiment 9, wherein R¹ is or comprises an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or an optionally substituted heteroaralkyl.

Embodiment 14

The method of Embodiment 13, wherein R¹ is or comprises an optionally substituted benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, or anthracene ring structure.

Embodiment 15

The method of Embodiment 13, wherein R¹ is or comprises an optionally substituted furan, pyrrole, thiophene, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, isoxazole, oxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazone, benzofuran, benzopyrrole, benzothiophene, isobenzofuran, isobenzopyrrole, isobenzothiophene, indole, isoindole, indolizine, indazole, azaindole, benzisoxazole, benzoxazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, naphthyridine, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, 2,3-dihydrobenzopyrrole, 2,3-dihydrobenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, xanthene, dibenzopyrol, or dibenzothiophene moiety.

Embodiment 16

The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 15, wherein the organic substrate comprising the terminal alkynyl C—H bond is polymeric.

Embodiment 17

The method of any one of Embodiments 3 to 16, where m=2, or 3, further comprising contacting a second or third organic substrate comprising a terminal alkynyl C—H bond with the first formed silylated terminal alkynyl moiety to form a di- or tri-akynyl cross-coupled silane product. This second (or third) organic substrate can be same or different than first.

Embodiment 18

The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 17, further comprising reacting the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with another unsaturated moiety in a [2+2] or [4+2] cycloaddition reaction to form an aromatic, heteroaromatic, cycloalkenyl, or heterocycloalkenyl moiety. The unsaturated moiety can include alkene, alkyne, azide, nitrile, isocynate, isothiocyanate, carbonyl, amide, urea, etc., and the reaction may be inter- or intramolecular.

Embodiment 19

The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 17, further comprising reacting the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with a second, unsaturated organic moiety in a cross-metathesis reaction to form a diolefin or polyolefin product. The unsaturated moiety can include alkene, alkyne, azide, nitrile, isocynate, isothiocyanate, carbonyl, amide, urea, etc., and the reaction may be inter- or intramolecular reaction. In some of these embodiments, the metathesis is accomplished using a Grubbs-type metathesis reaction catalyst.

Embodiment 20

The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 17, further comprising polymerizing the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety. The silylated terminal alkynyl moiety may also be copolymerized with other acetylenic or olefinic compounds, by any means, including metathesis and free radical mechanisms.

Embodiment 21

The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 17, further comprising reacting the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with an organic azide a [3+2]azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. This so-called Click chemistry, includes 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, may be inter- or intramolecular reaction, and typically involve the use of copper, copper-iron, or ruthenium-containing catalysts.

Embodiment 22

The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 17, further comprising hydrogenating the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety. Certain other embodiments include the reaction of the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with water, alcohols, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen chloride, dihalogen, or carboxylic acids to give corresponding vinyl or carbonyl compounds.

Embodiment 23

The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 20, further comprising removing the silyl group originally added to the terminal alkynyl C—H bond, such the the added silyl group was used as a blocking or directing group for other transformations in the substrate.

Embodiment 24

The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 20, further comprising reacting silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with an aromatic halide compound under conditions sufficient to form an alkynyl-arene linkage; e.g., using Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂/CuI catalysts with aromatic bromo or iodo compounds.

Embodiment 25

The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 17, further comprising reacting the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with an N-halosuccinimide in the presence of a cationic gold catalyst to produce a terminal alkynyl halide, where halo is preferably bromo or iodo.

Embodiment 26

The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 20, wherein the at least one organosilane comprises an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkenyl or heteroalkenyl, such that the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety comprises a silicon bonded optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkenyl or heteroalkenyl, the method further comprising reacting the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with an alcohol and a catalyst under conditions to result in the intramolecular allylation of the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety.

Embodiment 27

The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 20, wherein the at least one organosilane comprises a 2-pyridinyl group (as typified herein using (Me)₂(pyridinyl)SiH or (i-Pr)₂(pyridinyl)SiH), the method further comprising reacting the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with a copper carbomagnesation catalyst and an optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl magnesium complex under conditions sufficient to carbomagnesate the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety.

Embodiment 28

The method of Embodiment 27, further comprising reacting the carbomagnesated silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with an optionally substituted aryl iodide or optionally substituted heteroaryl iodide in the presence of a palladium catalyst to form a trisubstituted silylated olefin.

Embodiment 29

The method of Embodiment 28, further comprising reacting the trisubstituted silylated olefin with BCl₃ and pinacol under conditions sufficient to borodesilylate the compound, and optionally reacting the borodesilylated compound with a second optionally substituted aryl iodide or optionally substituted heteroaryl iodide under conditions suitable to cross-couple the resulting C—B bond and the second optionally substituted aryl iodide or optionally substituted heteroaryl iodide.

Embodiment 30

A system for silylating an organic substrate comprising a terminal alkynyl C—H bond, said system comprising or consisting essentially of a mixture of (a) at least one organosilane and (b) an alkali metal hydroxide (or in some cases, alkali metal alkoxide or hydride), and (c) at least one substrate. Such systems may be substantially free of transition-metal compounds. Such systems may also contain a silylated product derived from the at least one organosilane and the terminal alkyne.

Embodiment 31

The system of Embodiment 30, wherein the transition-metal compound is present at less than 10 ppm, relative to the weight of the total system.

Embodiment 32

The system of Embodiment 30 or 31, wherein at least one organosilane comprises an organosilane of Formula (I), Formula (II), or Formula (III): (R)_(4-m)Si(H)_(m)  (I) (R)_(3-m)(H)_(m)Si—(CH₂)_(q)—O_(r)—Si(R)_(3-p)(H)_(p)  (II) R—[—SiH(R)—O—]_(n)—R  (III) where: m and p are are independently 1, 2, or 3; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; r is 0 or 1; n is 10 to 100; and each R is independently halo (e.g., F, Br, Cl, I) (provided at least one R is contains carbon), optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkyl or heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkenyl or heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkynyl or heteroalkynyl, optionally substituted C₅₋₂₀ aryl or C₃₋₂₀ heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₆₋₃₀ alkaryl or heteroalkaryl, optionally substituted C₅₋₃₀ aralkyl or heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₁₂ alkyl or heteroalkyl, optionally substituted —O—C₅₋₂₀ aryl or —O—C₃₋₂₀ heteroaryl, optionally substituted —O—C₅₋₃₀ alkaryl or heteroalkaryl, or optionally substituted —O—C₅₋₃₀ aralkyl or heteroaralkyl, and, if substituted, the substituents may be phosphonato, phosphoryl, phosphanyl, phosphino, sulfonato, C₁-C₂₀ alkylsulfanyl, C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfanyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkylsulfonyl, C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfonyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkylsulfinyl, C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfinyl, sulfonamido, amino, amido, imino, nitro, nitroso, hydroxyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, C₅-C₂₀ aryloxy, C₂-C₂₀ alkoxycarbonyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, carboxylato, mercapto, formyl, C₁-C₂₀ thioester, cyano, cyanato, thiocyanato, isocyanate, thioisocyanate, carbamoyl, epoxy, styrenyl, silyl, silyloxy, silanyl, siloxazanyl, boronato, boryl, or halogen, or a metal-containing or metalloid-containing group, where the metalloid is Sn or Ge, where the substituents may optionally provide a tether to an insoluble or sparingly soluble support media comprising alumina, silica, or carbon. In some embodiments for Formula (II), q is 0. In some embodiments for Formula (II), r is 0.

Embodiment 33

The system of Embodiment 32, wherein the organosilane is (R)₃SiH or (R)₂SiH₂, where R is independently alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl.

Embodiment 34

The system of any one of Embodiments 30 to 33, wherein the alkali metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (or the alkali metal alkoxide is sodium alkoxide).

Embodiment 35

The system of Embodiment 34, wherein the organosilane is EtMe₂SiH, PhMe₂SiH, (n-Bu)₃SiH, Et₂SiH₂, PhMe₂SiH, BnMe₂SiH, (Me)₂(pyridinyl)SiH, (EtO)₃SiH, or Me₃Si—SiMe₂H.

Embodiment 36

The system of any one of Embodiments 30 to 33, wherein the alkali metal hydroxide is potassium hydroxide (KOH) (or the alkali metal alkoxide is potassium alkoxide).

Embodiment 37

The system of Embodiment 36, wherein the organosilane is EtMe₂SiH, PhMe₂SiH, (n-Bu)₃SiH, Et₂SiH₂, (i-Pr)₃SiH, or (i-Pr)₂(pyridinyl)SiH.

Embodiment 38

The system of any one of Embodiments 30 to 37, wherein the organic substrate comprising the terminal alkynyl C—H bond has a formula: R¹—C≡C—H, where R¹ comprises H, an optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, or optionally substituted metallocene.

Embodiment 39

The system of Embodiment 38, wherein R¹ is or comprises an optionally substituted linear alkyl, an optionally substituted branched alkyl, or an optionally substituted cycloalkyl.

Embodiment 40

The system of Embodiment 38, wherein R¹ is or comprises an optionally substituted linear heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted branched heteroalkyl, or an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl.

Embodiment 41

The system of Embodiment 38, wherein R¹ is or comprises an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or an optionally substituted heteroaralkyl.

Embodiment 42

The system of Embodiment 41, wherein R¹ is or comprises an optionally substituted benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, or anthracene ring structure

Embodiment 43

The system of Embodiment 39, wherein R¹ is or comprises an optionally substituted furan, pyrrole, thiophene, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, isoxazole, oxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazone, benzofuran, benzopyrrole, benzothiophene, isobenzofuran, isobenzopyrrole, isobenzothiophene, indole, isoindole, indolizine, indazole, azaindole, benzisoxazole, benzoxazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, naphthyridine, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, 2,3-dihydrobenzopyrrole, 2,3-dihydrobenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, xanthene, dibenzopyrol, or dibenzothiophene moiety.

Embodiment 44

The system of any one of Embodiments 30 to 43, wherein the organic substrate comprising the terminal alkynyl C—H bond is polymeric.

Embodiment 45

The system of any one of Embodiments 30 to 44, comprising at least two different organosilanes.

Embodiment 46

The system of any one of Embodiments 30 to 45, comprising at least two different organic substrates, each comprising a terminal alkynyl C—H bond.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples are provided to illustrate some of the concepts described within this disclosure. While each Example is considered to provide specific individual embodiments of composition, methods of preparation and use, none of the Examples should be considered to limit the more general embodiments described herein.

In the following examples, efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g. amounts, temperature, etc.) but some experimental error and deviation should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, temperature is in degrees C., pressure is at or near atmospheric.

Example 1 General Observations of Experimental Data

Initial investigations with the silylation of acetylene 1 (prop-2-ynyl-cyclohexane, FIG. 2) with Et₃SiH were conducted under reactions conditions used for the silylation of heteroarenes using KOt-Bu-catalyzed C(sp²)-H silylation conditions. In this case, the observed ethynylsilane 2a was obtained in good yield, along with 9% of undesired alkyne migration product 1-iso (FIG. 2, entry 1). NaOt-Bu (entry 2) and LiOt-Bu (entry 3) were inferior catalysts, and common organic bases (entries 4-6) also gave poor results. Surprisingly, the milder KOH was superior to KOt-Bu at 10 mol % catalyst loading (entry 7). Moving from Et₃SiH to PhMe₂SiH permitted the reaction to occur at ambient temperature while still maintaining high yields (entry 8). In sharp contrast to the previously reported heteroarene C—H silylation protocol wherein a strong potassium base is crucial to the reactivity, inexpensive and mild NaOH proved to be the ideal catalyst for the silylation of 1 affording 2b in 93% yield (entry 9). LiOH (entry 10) did not catalyze the reaction (see Table 1, below).

Varying the steric and electronic properties of the hydrosilane partner (FIG. 2) showed that a number of new ethynylsilanes could be produced, including those with synthetically versatile hydride-(2e and 2f), benzyldimethyl-(2g), triisopropyl-(2h), triethoxy-(2i), and 2-dialkylpyridyl-(2j and 2k) substituents on silicon (FIG. 2b ). Labile Si—Si bonds that are cleaved under transition metal catalysis or in the presence of nucleophiles or acids are also well tolerated, furnishing 2l in 95% yield. This appears to be the broadest scope of mono- and dihydrosilanes reported to date in the C—H silylation field.

A wide variety of alkynes were shown to be reactive, including those bearing electron-rich and electron-deficient aryl (4a-j), heteroaryl (4k-m), and alkyl (4o-y) groups (FIG. 3). Sensitive functional groups such as aryl halides (4b-d), an alkyl chloride (4v), and cyclopropane (4r) were tolerated without any undesired side reactions. Substrates bearing acidic functionalities such as propargylamine (3w) and propargyl alcohol (3x) also reacted well, providing 4w and bis-silylated 4x respectively in high yields. Unprecedented catalytic cross-dehydrogenative silylation of N-heterocyclic systems, such as pyridine 3m, and imidazole 3k, also successful gave the corresponding silylated building blocks 4m and 4k. Substrates containing C—H bonds that are susceptible to KOt-Bu-catalyzed silylation, or those that are engaged under other C—H functionalization chemistries, such as anisole 3g, thiophene 3y, toluene 3f, propargyl ether 3q, and benzene derivative 3t, all reacted with excellent chemoselectivity (>99:1) at the terminal alkyne C—H bond without any observed C(sp²)-H or C(sp³)-H silylation. The complete suppression of Minisci-type radical functionalizations (e.g., pyridine 3m), and electrophilic substitution reactions (e.g., electron-rich system 3n and ferrocene 3h) suggest that a novel C—H functionalization mechanism is operative. The clean reaction profiles with these substrates demonstrated the unique benefits of catalysis by NaOH compared with transition metal-catalyzed methods and classical stoichiometric deprotonation strategies.

This alkali metal hydroxide-catalyzed silylation reaction scaled well without loss of catalyst activity as demonstrated by the multi-gram synthesis of 4s (FIG. 4A) and can be applied to challenging problems in organic synthesis, materials science, and late stage pharmaceutical derivatization. For example, successful experiments showed that symmetrical aliphatic or aromatic diynes can be bis-silylated (5b and 6b) or selectively mono-functionalized (5a and 6a) generating synthetically valuable, orthogonally activated alkyne building blocks (FIG. 4B). The catalyst's ability to differentiate the alkynes leading to mono-substituted 5a was especially surprising and not presently understood given the lack of electronic communication between the identical alkynes in the starting material. The use of dihydrosilanes allowed for the preparation of symmetrical diethynylsilanes by double C(sp)-H silylation (FIGS. 4C, 7). Simultaneously reacting two different terminal alkynes and a dialkylsilane in a three-component coupling reaction produced unsymmetrical diethynylsilane 8 in 76% yield, along with 10% of 7 (formed by homocoupling of 1) and <5% yield of the homocoupled cyclopropylacetylene product. By taking advantage of the rate differences between the alkyne partners, this non-statistical product distribution favouring the cross product was obtained (see Example 3.4). These silanes are precursors to functionalized siloles, polysiloles or silole-co-polymers, and further embodiments of the present invention provide for the further reactions of the silylated products to this end. Moreover, the hydroxide-catalyzed silylation protocol was employed in the first catalytic installation of the versatile 2-dimethylsilylpyridyl directing group furnishing 2k in 78% yield, which can be advanced to highly substituted olefins (FIG. 4D). Again, further embodiments of the present invention provide for the further reactions of the silylated products to this end.

Sila-drug analogues are garnering increased attention from medicinal chemists because they can offer improved pharmacokinetic properties relative to the all-carbon substance. Moreover, the installed organosilicon moiety can serve as a functional group handle for subsequent elaboration or as an easily-removable protecting group. Again, further embodiments of the present invention provide for the further reactions of the silylated products to this end. To evaluate the present methods for such late-stage C—H functionalization applications, the pharmaceutical substances pargyline and mestranol were subjected to the catalytic silylation conditions, successfully providing novel sila-drug analogues 9 and 10 in 96% and 82% yield respectively (FIG. 4E).

The underlying mechanistic details of the alkali metal hydroxide, alkoxide, or hydride catalyzed silylation are not well understood at this point. A C—H deprotonation process is conceivable, but raises questions of thermodynamics (i.e., pKa difference between the deprotonating base and the C(sp)-H bond), the mechanism of catalyst turnover, and the nature of the reactive Si species. Preliminary studies further suggest that the mechanism is distinct from previously disclosed C(sp)-H silylation reactions including KOt-Bu-catalyzed C(sp²)-H silylation of heteroarenes. This is based on the results from radical trapping and countercation chelation studies (see Example 2.1.3), the improved yields and greatly expanded hydrosilane and substrate scope compared to previous reports, and the fact that sodium hydroxide shows greatly improved activity compared to precious metal species, Lewis-acids, and KOt-Bu. With respect to the latter, attempting to employ KOt-Bu as the catalyst for the C(sp)-H coupling surprisingly failed in the majority of cases evaluated (see FIG. 6). Moreover, a striking difference in reactivity between KOH and NaOH, which differ only in the identity of the countercation, was observed. The apparent non-innocence of the cation cannot be easily rationalized by solubility, aggregation state, or basicity arguments given the lack of discernible reactivity trends in the substrates investigated under identical conditions (FIG. 5). These data suggest that simple alkali metal cations—either as additives or as catalyst countercations—play an important role in the discovery and development of novel catalytic processes.

Example 2 General Information

Unless otherwise stated, reactions were performed in oven-dried brand-new Fisherbrand scintillation vials in a nitrogen filled glove box or in flame-dried Schlenk flasks under argon connected on a Schlenk line using dry, degassed solvents and brand-new stirring bars. Solvents were dried by passage through an activated alumina column under argon. Reaction progress was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) or GC-FID analyses. TLC was performed using E. Merck silica gel 60 F254 precoated glass plates (0.25 mm) and visualized by UV fluorescence quenching, phosphomolybdic acid, or KMnO₄ staining. Silicycle SiliaFlash P60 Academic Silica gel (particle size 40-63 nm) was used for flash chromatography. ¹H NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Inova 500 MHz spectrometer in CDCl₃ or THF-d8 and are reported relative to residual solvent peak at δ 7.26 ppm or δ 3.58 ppm respectively. ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Inova 500 MHz spectrometer (126 MHz) in CDCl₃ or THF-d8 and are reported relative to residual solvent peak at δ 77.16 ppm or δ 67.21 ppm respectively. Data for ¹H NMR are reported as follows: chemical shift (δ ppm) (multiplicity, coupling constant (Hz), integration). Multiplicities are reported as follows: s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet, p=pentet, sept=septet, m=multiplet, br s=broad singlet, br d=broad doublet, app=apparent. Data for ¹³C NMR are reported in terms of chemical shifts (δ ppm). IR spectra were obtained on a Perkin Elmer Spectrum BXII spectrometer using thin films deposited on NaCl plates and reported in frequency of absorption (cm⁻¹). GC-FID analyses were obtained on an Agilent 6890N gas chromatograph equipped with a HP-5 (5%-phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane capillary column (Agilent). GC-MS analyses were obtained on an Agilent 6850 gas chromatograph equipped with a HP-5 (5%-phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane capillary column (Agilent). High resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were acquired from the California Institute of Technology Mass Spectrometry Facility. ICP-MS analysis was conducted at the California Institute of Technology Mass Spectrometry Facility.

Silanes were purchased from Aldrich and distilled before use. KOt-Bu was purchased from Aldrich (sublimed grade, 99.99% trace metals basis) and used directly. KOH was purchased from Aldrich (semiconductor grade, pellets, 99.99% trace metals basis) and was pulverized (mortar and pestle) and heated (150° C.) under vacuum prior to use. NaOH was purchased from Aldrich (semiconductor grade, pellets, 99.99% trace metals basis) and was pulverized (mortar and pestle) and heated (150° C.) under vacuum prior to use. Alkyne substrates were purchased from Aldrich, TCI, or Acros.

Example 2.1 Reaction Optimizations, Trace Metal Analysis, and Preliminary Mechanistic Investigations Example 2.1.1 Reaction Optimization

Procedure for reaction condition optimization: In a nitrogen-filled glovebox, catalyst and alkyne 1a (0.1 mmol, 1 equiv) were added to a 2 dram scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stirring bar. Next, hydrosilane and solvent (0.1 mL) were added. The vial was sealed and the mixture was stirred at the indicated temperature for the indicated time. The vial was then removed from the glovebox, diluted with diethyl ether (1 mL), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The yield was determined by ¹H NMR or GC analysis of the crude mixture using an internal standard.

TABLE 1 Condition optimization of direct C(sp)—H silylation.

entry catalyst [Si]—H solvent T, °C. time, h yield 2a yield 1-iso 1 KOt-Bu (20 mol%) Et₃SiH — 85 72   22% 60% 2 KOt-Bu (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 72   94%  1% 3 KOt-Bu (20 mol%) Et₃SiH 1,4-dioxane 85 72   88% — 4 KOt-Bu (20 mol%) Et₃SiH DME 85 72 >99% — 5 KOt-Bu (20 mol%) Et₃SiH MTBE 85 72   30% 53% 6 KOt-Bu (20 mol%) Et₃SiH toluene 85 72   27% 59% 7 KOt-Bu (20 mol%) Et₃SiH CyMe 85 72   15% 66% 8 KOt-Bu (20 mol%) Et₃SiH Pentane 85 72   13% 74% 9 KOt-Bu (20 mol%) Et₃SiH Mesitylene 85 72   26% 56% 10 KOt-Bu (20 mol%) Et₃SiH DCM 85 72 — — 11 KOt-Bu (20 mol%) Et₃SiH Et₂O 85 72   23% 61% 12 KOt-Bu (20 mol%) Et₃SiH 2-Me—THF 85 72   48% 51% 13 KOt-Bu (40 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 48   89% — 14 KOt-Bu (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 48   99% — 15 KOt-Bu (10 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 48 >99% — 16 KOt-Bu (5 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 48   99% <1% 17 KOt-Bu (1 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 48   97%  2% 18 KOt-Bu (10 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 25 48    7% 63% 19 KOt-Bu (10 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 55 48   59% 30% 20 KH (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 72   99% — 21 KHMDS (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 72   99% <1% 22 NaOt-Bu (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 72   51% 40% 23 LiOt-Bu (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 72  <1%  5% 24 DABCO (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 72  <1% — 25 NaOEt (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 72   82% <1% 26 KOEt (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 72   99% <1% 27 NaOAc (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 72  <1% — 28 KOAc (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 72  <1% — 29 KOMe (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 72   98% <1% 30 NaOMe (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 72   95%  3% 31 KOt-amyl (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 72 >99% <1% 32 KOH (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 72   94% <1% 33 K₂CO₃ (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 72  <1% — 34 Cs₂CO₃ (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 72 — — 35 KF (20 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 72  <1% — 36 KOt-Bu (10 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 24   89%  9% 37 KH (10 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 24   87% 11% 38 NaOt-Bu (10 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 24   46%  2% 39 LiOt-Bu (10 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 24  <1% — 40 KOEt (10 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 24   96%  2% 41 NaOEt (10 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 24   91% <1% 42 KOMe (10 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 24   96%  4% 43 NaOMe (10 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 24   83% <1% 44 KOt-Amyl (10 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 24   91%  6% 45 KOH (10 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 24   95%  3% 46 NaOH (10 mol%) Et₃SiH THF 85 24   98% — 47 LiOH (10 mol%) Et₃SiH DME 85 24    3% — 48 Et₃N (10 mol%) Et₃SiH DME 85 48    4% — 49 Pyridine (10 mol%) Et₃SiH DME 85 48    1% — 50 KOH (10 mol%) Et₃SiH (1.0 eq) THF 85 48   71% 21% 51 KOH (10 mol%) Et₃SiH (1.5 eq) THF 85 48   92%  6% 52 KOH (10 mol%) Et₃SiH (2.0 eq) THF 85 48   93%  6% 53 KOH (10 mol%) Et₃SiH (2.5 eq) THF 85 48   97%  2% 54 KOH (10 mol%) Et₃SiH (3.0 eq) THF 85 48   98%  1% 55 KOH (10 mol%) Et₃SiH (3.5 eq) THF 85 48   99%  1% 56 KOH (10 mol%) Et₃SiH (4.0 eq) THF 85 48   97%  2% Yields determined by GC analysis of the crude reaction mixture using an internal standard.

The results from Table 1 reveal that there is a high degree of tunability in the reaction conditions for the C(sp)-H silylation reaction. THF, dioxane, and DME all proved to be suitable solvents, with low amounts of the isomerized starting material produced (Entries 2, 3, 4 respectively). Low loadings of catalyst were achieved with KOt-Bu, down to 1 mol %, without significant loss of yield (Entries 15-17). High temperatures (85° C.) proved necessary for silylation with triethylsilane (Entries 15, 18, 19); as seen in the silane screen in the text, lower temperatures were achieved when employing various other silanes. The extensive base screen (Entries 20-35) with longer reaction times (72 h) showed that there are a number of good catalysts for the C—H silylation reaction. A refined base screen with lower catalyst loading (Entries 36-49) revealed that there were still several catalysts that performed with surprisingly high efficiency, but NaOH proved to be the most convenient and high-performing catalyst. No product was observed in the absence of catalyst, or when LiOt-Bu, NaOAc, KOAc, DABCO, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, or KF were employed (Entries 39, 27, 28, 24, 33, 34, 35 respectively).

Example 2.1.2 Trace Metal Analysis by ICP-MS

ICP-MS Trace Metal Analysis of all the Reaction Components.

To provide further support against involvement of adventitious trace metal species in the cross-dehydrogenative C(sp)-H silylation catalysis, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was performed on samples of NaOH, KOH, 3-cyclohexyl-1-propyne starting material, dimethoxyethane (DME) solvent, PhMe₂SiH, and a standard reaction mixture that was run under optimal conditions in the glove box. The results from quantitative analysis revealed that most metal contaminants were present below the instrument's lowest limit of detection (i.e., in ppt range or lower). Microgram per liter (ppb) quantities of metal contaminants are given in Table 2.

Samples each of NaOH (1000 mg, 99.99% Aldrich), 3-cyclohexyl-1-propyne, PhMe₂SiH, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and a standard reaction mixture (0.5 mmol scale mixture, prepared following the general procedure with 61.1 mg of 3-cyclohexyl-1-propyne, 2 mg of NaOH, 204.4 mg of PhMe₂SiH in 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) and stirred in the glovebox for 48 h.) were analyzed.

Each sample was added to a 50 mL DigiTUBE digestion tube (SCP Science) followed by addition of 3.0 mL of Plasma Pure nitric acid (SCP Science) and heating to 75° C. for 36 hours. After digestion, each sample was diluted using Milli Q water to 50 mL and subjected to trace metal analysis. Trace metal concentrations were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma—Mass Spectrometry using an Agilent 8800. The sample introduction system consisted of a micromist nebulizer, scott type spray chamber and fixed injector quartz torch. A guard electrode was used and the plasma was operated at 1500 W. Elements were determined in single-quad mode with either no gas or helium (kinetic energy discrimination mode) in the collision cell. 33 elements were calibrated using external standard solutions ranging from 1 to 100 ppb (micrograms/L). Detection limits of trace elements of concern were below the 1 ppb standard. In addition Quick Scan data in helium mode data were calibrated semiquantitatively. LOD indicated that the analyte concentration is below the instrument's Lowest Limit of Detection. Values are in ppb unless otherwise stated.

TABLE 2 Trace-metal analysis of reactants in the alkyne silylation reaction. Values in ng/g (ppb) Unless Otherwise Stated* 3-cyclohexyl- 1,2- Reaction Element NaOH KOH 1-propyne DME PhMe₂SiH Mixture Ti LOD  0.767*  0.324* 0.206*  0.545*  0.059* Co LOD LOD 18.543  LOD LOD LOD Cu LOD LOD 10.440  0.069* 3.048 0.116 Zn LOD  0.682* 25.908* 1.787*  0.063* 0.320 Zr LOD LOD LOD LOD  0.232* LOD Mo LOD LOD LOD LOD  1.118* LOD Ru LOD 21.248  1.576 LOD 41.188  18.692  Rh LOD 0.165 LOD LOD 0.908 LOD Pd LOD 1.834 0.612 7.950  7.339 0.612 Ag LOD LOD LOD LOD LOD LOD Re LOD 0.156 LOD 0.700  5.835 0.311 Os LOD LOD LOD LOD LOD LOD Ir LOD  0.063*  7.776* 0.253*  2.429* 0.604 Pt LOD 0.406 0.135 0.813  1.490 0.271 Au LOD LOD 0.115 LOD 1.729 1.383 *ppm

Example 2.1.3 Preliminary Mechanistic Experiments

A number of experiments were conducted to gain insight into the reaction mechanism. As a first investigation, experiments were conducted in an attempt to determined whether the silylation reaction was polar or radical in nature. The reactions were performed in the presence of the radical traps TEMPO and galvinoxyl. Neither additive thwarted the alkyne C—H silylation: TEMPO did not inhibit the reaction at 10% loading but lowered the silylation yield at 300% loading; the effect of galvinoxyl on the reaction conditions moving from 10 mol % to 300 mol % additive was unexpected and not presently understood (Scheme 1).

The effect of potassium and sodium chelating agents in the silylation reaction was also studied to investigate the importance of the cation in the catalysis. When 18-crown-6 and 15-crown-5 were added to reactions using KOH and NaOH as the catalysts respectively, quantitative silylation was still observed when using triethylsilane as the silicon partner, suggesting either that ineffective chelation of the metal ion had occurred or that the cation was not necessary to the reactivity in this particular case (Scheme 2a). However, this may be a special case since the reaction with Et₃SiH proceeded equally well using KOH or NaOH as the catalyst.

The effect of potassium and sodium chelating agents affect silylation was also explored using a silicon partner that does not perform equally well with KOH and NaOH. Triethoxysilane was chosen as the test silane, since it only displays product formation using NaOH as the catalyst. In this case, the addition of potassium and sodium chelating agents shut down reactivity, indicating that the sodium ion is indeed necessary for the silylation of alkynes with triethoxysilane (Scheme 2b). The only product when crown ethers were added is (EtO)₄Si, which indicates that sequestration of the alkali metal cation from the system shut down the productive C—H silylation pathway and induced disproportionation of the silane. Yields were by GC and NMR analysis.

Example 2.1.4 Comparison of MOH and KOt-Bu Catalysts

In order to compare the performance of the newly-discovered MOH (alkali metal hydroxide) catalysts with the KOt-Bu catalyst used in the case of the heterocyclic silylation, several acetylene substrates and silanes were subjected to the reaction using KOt-Bu as a catalyst. The results are summarized in FIG. 6. Although in the reaction with cyclohexylpropyne and triethylsilane, KOt-Bu successfully produced the silylated alkyne in moderate yield (as stated in text), in all other investigated cases, KOt-Bu failed to convert the starting material or produced only trace product. It appears that the acetylinic silylation described herein and the heterocyclic silylation described previously require different catalysts and might proceed via a distinct mechanism.

Example 3 Experimental and Analytics Example 3.1 General Procedure for Cross-Dehydrogenative C(Sp)-H Silylation and Characterization Data

In a nitrogen-filled glove box, catalyst (0.05 mmol, 10 mol %) and alkyne (0.5 mmol, 1 equiv) were added to a 2 dram scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, followed by solvent (0.5 mL) and silane (1.5 mmol, 3 equiv). The vial was then sealed and the mixture was stirred at the indicated temperature for the indicated time. The vial was then removed from the glove box; the reaction mixture was diluted with diethyl ether (2 mL), filtered through a short pad of silica gel, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Volatiles were removed under high vacuum with heating as indicated and the resultant material was purified by silica gel flash chromatography if necessary to give the desired C(sp)-Si product.

(3-Cyclohexylprop-1-yn-1-yl)triethylsilane 2a

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), cyclohexylpropyne (61 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), Et₃SiH (174 mg, 240 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 85° C. for 48 h. The desired product 2a (111.9 mg, 95% yield) was obtained after solvent removal under high vacuum (45 mtorr, 2 hours) as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.13 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.84-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.65 (dtt, J=12.9, 3.4, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 1.47 (dddd, J=14.8, 6.8, 4.7, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 1.24 (tdd, J=15.9, 9.4, 3.4 Hz, 2H), 1.19-1.07 (m, 2H), 1.07-1.01 (m, 1H), 0.98 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 9H), 0.57 (q, J=7.9 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 107.73, 82.39, 37.54, 32.72, 27.86, 26.47, 26.32, 7.65, 4.75. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3422, 2925, 2172, 1645, 1449, 1018, 802, 724 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₅H₂₇Si [(M+H)—H₂]: 235.1882, found 235.1881.

(3-Cyclohexylprop-1-yn-1-yl)dimethyl(phenyl)silane 2b

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), cyclohexylpropyne (61 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 25° C. for 48 h. The desired product 2b (113.6 mg, 89% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after heating to 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 2b in analytically pure form as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.67 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.67-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.34 (m, 3H), 2.19 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.87-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.74 (dt, J=12.8, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 1.67 (dddd, J=11.3, 5.2, 3.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 1.52 (ddtd, J=14.9, 11.5, 6.7, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 1.27 (dddd, J=15.9, 12.6, 9.5, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 1.15 (qt, J=12.7, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 1.08-0.98 (m, 2H), 0.41 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 137.93, 133.81, 129.33, 127.91, 108.67, 83.19, 37.42, 32.81, 27.94, 26.42, 26.29, −0.38. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3420, 2924, 2852, 2173, 1646, 1448, 1427, 1322, 1248, 1115, 1071, 1027, 815, 730 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₇H₂₅Si [M+H]: 257.1726, found 257.1720.

3-Cyclohexylprop-1-yn-1-yl)(ethyl)dimethylsilane 2c

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with KOH (2.8 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), cyclohexylpropyne (61 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), EtMe₂SiH (132 mg, 198 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 45° C. for 24 h. The desired product 2c (95.1 mg, 91% yield) was obtained after solvent removal under high vacuum (45 mtorr, 2 hours) as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.12 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.86-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.66 (dtd, J=12.6, 3.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 1.53-1.40 (m, 1H), 1.32-1.19 (m, 2H), 1.20-1.07 (m, 2H), 1.06-0.94 (m, 4H), 0.57 (q, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 0.12 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 107.01, 84.30, 37.46, 32.76, 27.84, 26.45, 26.30, 8.47, 7.50, −1.85. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3422, 2922, 2103, 1646, 1558, 1260, 1027, 720 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₃H₂₃Si [(M+H)—H₂]: 207.1569, found 207.1562.

Tributyl(3-cyclohexylprop-1-yn-1-yl)silane 2d

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with KOH (2.8 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), cyclohexylpropyne (61 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), n-Bu₃SiH (301 mg, 386 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 2d (117.2 mg, 73% yield) was obtained by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 2d as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.78 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.18 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.85 (dddd, J=12.3, 6.2, 3.1, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 1.77 (ddd, J=14.0, 4.5, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 1.70 (dddt, J=12.8, 5.1, 3.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 1.52 (dddt, J=14.5, 7.9, 6.6, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 1.43-1.36 (m, 12H), 1.29 (qt, J=12.6, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 1.18 (qt, J=12.7, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 1.11-1.02 (m, 2H), 0.97-0.91 (m, 9H), 0.67-0.59 (m, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 107.65, 83.25, 37.57, 32.72, 27.88, 26.64, 26.46, 26.39, 26.32, 13.98, 13.45. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 2955, 2922, 2854, 2172, 1449, 1376, 1191, 1080, 1029, 886, 758, 708 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₂₁H₄₀Si [M+•]: 320.2899, found 320.2905.

(3-Cyclohexylprop-1-yn-1-yl)diethylsilane 2e

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with KOH (2.8 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), cyclohexylpropyne (61 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), Et₂SiH₂ (132 mg, 194 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 25° C. for 24 h. The desired product 2e (73.6 mg, 71% yield) was obtained in 90% purity after solvent removal under high vacuum at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 2e as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.77 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.92 (pt, J=3.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 2.15 (dd, J=6.7, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 1.85-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.72 (ddd, J=13.9, 4.5, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 1.66 (dddt, J=12.7, 5.1, 3.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 1.49 (ddtd, J=14.9, 11.5, 6.8, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 1.31-1.20 (m, 2H), 1.15 (tt, J=12.6, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 1.07-0.95 (m, 8H), 0.70-0.64 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 109.00, 80.24, 37.39, 32.76, 27.91, 26.41, 26.28, 8.09, 4.23. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3422, 2957, 2174, 2120, 1646, 1558, 1457, 1260, 1055, 804 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₃H₂₃Si [(M+H)—H₂]: 207.1569, found 207.1562.

Di-tert-butyl(3-cyclohexylprop-1-yn-1-yl)silane 2f

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), cyclohexylpropyne (61 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), t-Bu₂SiH₂ (216 mg, 297 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 2f (120.3 mg, 91% yield) was obtained in 90% purity after high vacuum at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 2f as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.88 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.57 (t, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 2.17 (dd, J=6.5, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 1.84-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.66 (dddt, J=12.8, 5.1, 3.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 1.50 (dddt, J=14.5, 7.8, 6.5, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 1.26 (qt, J=12.7, 3.4 Hz, 3H), 1.19-1.09 (m, 2H), 1.06 (s, 18H).; ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 108.94, 79.54, 37.51, 32.75, 28.28, 27.88, 26.44, 26.29, 18.63. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 2958, 2927, 2855, 2173, 2111, 1469, 1449, 1363, 1028, 1012, 810, 793, 617 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₇H₃₁Si [(M+H)—H₂]: 263.2195, found 263.2206.

Benzyl(3-cyclohexylprop-1-yn-1-yl)dimethylsilane 2g

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), cyclohexylpropyne (61 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), BnMe₂SiH (150 mg, 238 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 45° C. for 48 h. The desired product 2g (101.9 mg, 75% yield) was obtained by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.51 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.25-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.12-7.08 (m, 3H), 2.20 (s, 2H), 2.14 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.81 (ddd, J=13.3, 3.5, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 1.75 (dt, J=12.7, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 1.69 (dddd, J=11.3, 5.3, 3.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 1.49 (tdt, J=11.4, 6.7, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 1.28 (qt, J=12.6, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 1.16 (qt, J=12.7, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 1.06-0.94 (m, 2H), 0.13 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 139.44, 128.51, 128.19, 124.32, 108.08, 83.69, 37.38, 32.77, 27.86, 26.71, 26.41, 26.29, −1.69. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3081, 3060, 3024, 2999, 2922, 2851, 2664, 2173, 1936, 1600, 1493, 1449, 1422, 1408, 1368, 1322, 1249, 1207, 1155, 1056, 1029, 947, 839, 761, 697 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₈H₂₆Si [M+•]: 270.1804, found 270.1810.

(3-Cyclohexylprop-1-yn-1-yl)triisopropylsilane 2h

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with KOH (2.8 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), cyclohexylpropyne (61 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), i-Pr₃SiH (238 mg, 307 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 85° C. for 48 h. The desired product 2h (95.6 mg, 69% yield) was obtained by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.79 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.16 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.84-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.73 (dt, J=12.8, 3.4 Hz, 2H), 1.66 (dtd, J=12.7, 3.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 1.48 (ddtd, J=14.6, 11.2, 6.5, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 1.25 (qt, J=12.6, 3.4 Hz, 2H), 1.15 (tt, J=12.6, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 1.10-0.99 (m, 23H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 108.17, 80.94, 37.64, 32.71, 27.87, 26.49, 26.33, 18.80, 11.48. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 2924, 2864, 2170, 2463, 1449, 1264, 1025, 995, 883, 743, 676, 633 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₈H₃₃Si [(M+H)—H₂]: 277.2352, found 277.2349.

(3-Cyclohexylprop-1-yn-1-yl)triethoxysilane 2i

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), cyclohexylpropyne (61 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), (EtO)₃SiH (246 mg, 277 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 2i (97.1 mg, 68% yield) was obtained by silica gel flash chromatography (5% Et₂O in hexanes) as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.41 (5% Et₂O in hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.87 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 6H), 2.16 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.84-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.72 (dp, J=12.6, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 1.66 (dddt, J=12.8, 5.1, 3.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 1.52 (ddtd, J=14.9, 11.5, 6.8, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 1.26 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 9H), 1.24-1.19 (m, 2H), 1.13 (qt, J=12.7, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 1.02 (qd, J=12.7, 3.5 Hz, 2H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 106.50, 76.85, 59.02, 37.10, 32.74, 27.55, 26.33, 26.20, 18.18. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 2974, 2925, 2852, 2182, 1449, 1390, 1168, 1101, 1079, 1036, 964, 790, 721 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₅H₂₉O₃Si [M+H]: 285.1886, found 285.1889.

2-((3-Cyclohexylprop-1-yn-1-yl)diisopropylsilyl)pyridine 2j

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with KOH (2.8 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), cyclohexylpropyne (61 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), i-Pr₂(Pyr)SiH (290 mg, 322 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 2j (122.5 mg, 78% yield) was obtained by silica gel flash chromatography (10% EtOAc in hexanes) as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.47 (10% EtOAc in hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, THF-d8) δ 8.65 (ddd, J=4.8, 1.7, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (dt, J=7.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (td, J=7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (ddd, J=7.7, 4.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 2.26 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.95-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.67 (dtt, J=13.0, 3.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 1.55 (ddtd, J=14.9, 11.4, 6.6, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 1.37-1.26 (m, 4H), 1.21-1.16 (m, 1H), 1.16-1.11 (m, 2H), 1.09 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 6H), 0.99 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, THF-d8) δ 164.80, 150.76, 134.42, 132.12, 123.73, 110.50, 80.33, 38.63, 33.66, 28.41, 27.38, 27.23, 18.46, 18.40, 12.71. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 2924, 2862, 2170, 1573, 1462, 1449, 1417, 1136, 1081, 1028, 995, 882, 747, 723 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₂₀H₃₂NSi [M+H]: 314.2304, found 314.2311.

2-((3-Cyclohexylprop-1-yn-1-yl)dimethylsilyl)pyridine 2k

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), cyclohexylpropyne (61 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), Me₂(Py)SiH (206 mg, 225 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 2k (99.9 mg, 78% yield) was obtained by silica gel flash chromatography (10% EtOAc in hexanes) as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.42 (10% EtOAc in hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, THF-d8) δ 8.65 (ddd, J=4.8, 1.8, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (dt, J=7.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (td, J=7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (ddd, J=7.7, 4.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 2.19 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.88-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.66 (dddd, J=12.7, 5.1, 3.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 1.50 (dddt, J=14.7, 7.9, 6.7, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 1.28 (tdd, J=16.0, 9.4, 3.4 Hz, 2H), 1.17 (qt, J=12.7, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 1.05 (qd, J=12.8, 3.4 Hz, 2H), 0.36 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, THF-d8) δ 166.55, 150.96, 134.69, 130.13, 123.84, 109.23, 83.58, 38.47, 33.68, 28.42, 27.34, 27.22, −1.00. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3423, 2924, 2852, 2175, 1646, 1449, 1255, 1044, 832, 797, 676 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₆H₂₄NSi [M+H]: 258.1678. found 258.1672.

1-(3-Cyclohexylprop-1-yn-1-yl)-1,1,2,2,2-pentamethyldisilane 2l

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), cyclohexylpropyne (61 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), Me₅Si₂H (246 mg, 277 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 25° C. for 48 h. The desired product 2l (120.0 mg, 95% yield) was obtained as a cloudy, colorless oil after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, THF-d8) δ 2.11 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.81 (dddd, J=13.1, 6.1, 3.1, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 1.73-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.65 (dddt, J=12.7, 5.1, 3.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 1.44 (dddt, J=14.6, 8.0, 6.7, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 1.33-1.21 (m, 2H), 1.15 (qt, J=12.7, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 1.03 (qd, J=12.8, 3.5 Hz, 2H), 0.15 (s, 6H), 0.11 (s, 9H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, THF-d8) δ 109.11, 84.06, 38.62, 33.61, 28.52, 27.37, 27.22, −2.25, −2.35. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 2923, 2852, 2168, 1449, 1259, 1244, 1077, 1027, 871, 833, 799, 765, 725, 691, 667 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₄H₂₈Si₂ [M+•]: 252.1730, found 252.1737.

Dimethyl(phenyl)(phenylethynyl)silane 4a

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), ethynylbenzene (52 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4a (105.7 mg, 89% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after heating to 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 4a in analytically pure form as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.38 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, THF-d8) δ 7.71-7.65 (m, 2H), 7.49-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.28 (m, 6H), 0.46 (s, 6H). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, THF-d8) δ 137.86, 134.66, 132.88, 130.35, 129.75, 129.28, 128.79, 124.15, 107.86, 92.55, −0.50. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3068, 3051, 2959, 2899, 2158, 1592, 1488, 1442, 1428, 1278, 1250, 1219, 1118, 1068, 1026, 846, 807, 780, 731, 690 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₆H₁₇Si [M+H]: 237.1100, found 237.1101.

((4-Fluorophenyl)ethynyl)dimethyl(phenyl)silanepyridine 4b

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), 1-ethynyl-4-fluorobenzene (60 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4b (111.9 mg, 88% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 4b in analytically pure form as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.49 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, THF-d8) δ 7.68-7.65 (m, 2H), 7.53-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.34 (dd, J=4.9, 1.9 Hz, 3H), 7.08 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 0.46 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, THF-d8) δ 163.93 (d, J=248.7 Hz), 137.74, 135.10 (d, J=8.5 Hz), 134.65, 130.39, 128.81, 120.43 (d, J=3.5 Hz), 116.51 (d, J=22.4 Hz), 106.68, 92.43 (d, J=1.3 Hz), −0.56. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3420, 3069, 2961, 2160, 1653, 1600, 1505, 1428, 1251, 1233, 1155, 1117, 1092, 857, 835, 816, 781, 731, 698 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₆H₁₆FSi [M+H]: 255.1005, found 255.1000.

((4-Bromophenyl)ethynyl)dimethyl(phenyl)silane 4c

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), 1-bromo-4-ethynylbenzene (90 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4c (81.3 mg, 52% yield) was obtained in 80% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 4c as colourless crystals in a 9:1 mixture with diphenyltetramethyldisiloxane. R_(f)=0.54 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, THF-d8) δ 7.69-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.51 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.36-7.30 (m, 3H), 0.46 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, THF-d8) δ 137.55, 134.65, 134.53, 132.66, 130.44, 128.83, 123.94, 123.19, 106.51, 94.19, −0.66. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3068, 2958, 2159, 1653, 1540, 1484, 1473, 1457, 1427, 1249, 1214, 1114, 1071, 1010, 846, 830, 780, 730, 698 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₆H₁₆Si¹⁸Br [M+H]: 317.0184. found 317.0180.

((3-Chlorophenyl)ethynyl)dimethyl(phenyl)silane 4d

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), 1-chloro-3-ethynylbenzene (68 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 45° C. for 24 h. The desired product 4d (121.6 mg, 90% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 4d in analytically pure form as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.42 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.70-7.66 (m, 2H), 7.49 (ddd, J=2.1, 1.5, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=5.0, 1.9 Hz, 3H), 7.38 (dt, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (ddd, J=8.1, 2.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (ddd, J=8.0, 7.6, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 0.51 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 136.75, 134.21, 133.86, 132.05, 130.29, 129.70, 129.61, 129.12, 128.10, 124.77, 105.13, 93.82, −0.79. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3420, 2163, 1684, 1647, 1559, 1521, 1507, 1457, 1249, 1117, 1091, 884, 781, 681 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₆H₁₆ClSi [M+H]: 271.0710, found 271.0710.

4-((Dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)ethynyl)-N,N-dimethylaniline 4e

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), 4-ethynyl-N,N-dimethylaniline (73 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4e (139.4 mg, 100% yield) was obtained as colourless crystals after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.73-7.68 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.36 (m, 5H), 6.61 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 2.98 (s, 6H), 0.48 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 150.46, 137.88, 133.93, 133.38, 129.36, 127.94, 111.69, 109.78, 108.49, 89.19, 40.32, −0.39. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3067, 2957, 2147, 1682, 1607, 1519, 1487, 1427, 1360, 1248, 1186, 1115, 945, 850, 817, 779, 730, 699, 653 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₈H₂₁NSi [M+•]: 279.1443, found 279.1445.

Dimethyl(phenyl)(p-tolylethynyl)silane 4f

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), 1-ethynyl-4-methylbenzene (58 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4f (115.5 mg, 92% yield) was obtained as a pale yellow oil after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.71 (ddt, J=6.0, 2.4, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (ddq, J=5.8, 3.0, 0.9 Hz, 5H), 7.16-7.10 (m, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 0.51 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 139.02, 137.33, 133.90, 132.10, 129.52, 129.12, 128.02, 120.00, 107.18, 91.28, 21.69, −0.59. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3420, 3068, 3049, 2959, 2920, 2156, 1507, 1428, 1408, 1249, 1223, 1117, 1020, 851, 816, 780, 731, 700, 656 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₇H₁₉Si [M+H]: 251.1256, found 251.1257.

((4-Methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)dimethyl(phenyl)silane 4g

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), 1-ethynyl-4-methoxybenzene (66 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4g (121.6 mg, 91% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes→5% EtOAc in hexanes) yielded the product 4g in analytically pure form as a yellow oil. R_(f)=0.27 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.71 (dd, J=6.5, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.43-7.38 (m, 3H), 6.84 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 0.51 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 160.02, 137.42, 133.89, 133.73, 129.50, 128.01, 115.20, 113.96, 107.03, 90.47, 55.42, −0.56. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3068, 2959, 2154, 1605, 1507, 1441, 1293, 1249, 1171, 1116, 1032, 853, 832, 812, 779, 755, 731, 699 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₇H₁₈OSi [M+•]: 266.1127, found 266.1135.

((3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethynyl)dimethyl(phenyl)silane 4h

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), 1-ethynyl-3,5-dimethoxybenzene (81 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4h (140.6 mg, 95% yield) was obtained as a light yellow oil after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.70 (ddd, J=5.5, 2.7, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (dd, J=4.6, 2.1 Hz, 3H), 6.67 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 2H), 6.47 (t, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (s, 6H), 0.52 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 160.56, 137.05, 133.90, 129.61, 128.05, 124.29, 109.87, 106.78, 102.53, 91.75, 55.57, −0.68. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3421, 3069, 3001, 2959, 2837, 2160, 1596, 1456, 1419, 1348, 1298, 1250, 1205, 1155, 1116, 1064, 979, 964, 817, 753, 732, 681 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₈H₂₁O₂Si [M+H]: 297.1311, found 297.1309.

2-Ethynyl-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 4i

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), 2-ethynyl-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (57 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 25° C. for 24 h. The desired product 4i (119.1 mg, 86% yield) was obtained as a colorless oil after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.73 (ddt, J=4.5, 3.2, 0.8 Hz, 3H), 7.40 (dd, J=2.5, 0.8 Hz, 2H), 6.88-6.86 (m, 2H), 2.42 (s, 6H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 0.52 (t, J=0.7 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 140.86, 138.23, 137.66, 133.89, 129.45, 127.99, 127.67, 119.94, 104.95, 99.66, 21.51, 21.15, −0.34. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3440, 3068, 2959, 2146, 1646, 1610, 1474, 1428, 1224, 1117, 841, 825, 779, 753, 698 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₉H₂₃Si [M+H]: 279.1569, found 279.1561.

((6-Methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)ethynyl)dimethyl(phenyl)silane 4j

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), 2-ethynyl-6-methoxynaphthalene (91 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4j (134.8 mg, 85% yield) was obtained in 95% purity as a colorless oil after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes. This product decomposes on silica. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.99 (dd, J=1.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.78-7.72 (m, 2H), 7.70 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (dd, J=8.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.40 (m, 3H), 7.17 (dd, J=8.9, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 0.56 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 158.57, 137.30, 134.48, 133.93, 132.17, 129.56, 129.34, 128.44, 128.05, 126.85, 122.76, 119.59, 117.93, 107.50, 105.91, 91.68, 55.50, −0.57. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3422, 2959, 2152, 1631, 1601, 1499, 1481, 1461, 1390, 1267, 1232, 1161, 1117, 1031, 937, 890, 814, 780, 731, 703, 656 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₂₁H₂₀OSi [M+•]: 316.1284, found 316.1296.

5-((Dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)ethynyl)-1-methyl-1H-imidazole 4k

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), 5-ethynyl-1-methyl-1H-imidazole (53 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 45° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4k (98.7 mg, 82% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% EtOAc) yielded the product 4k in analytically pure form as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.45 (100% EtOAc); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.68-7.65 (m, 2H), 7.40 (m, 4H), 7.31 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H), 3.68-3.65 (m, 3H), 0.52 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 138.37, 136.49, 135.29, 133.74, 129.73, 128.09, 116.28, 100.60, 94.11, 32.11, −0.85. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3417, 2960, 2157, 1646, 1533, 1489, 1428, 1274, 1250, 1227, 1116, 924, 823, 782, 732, 702, 661 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₄H₁₇N₂Si [M+H]: 241.1161, found 241.1169.

Dimethyl(phenyl)(thiophen-3-ylethynyl)silane 4l

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), 3-ethynylthiophene (54 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 60 h. The desired product 4l (113.2 mg, 93% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 4l in analytically pure form as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.39 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.72-7.68 (m, 2H), 7.53 (dd, J=3.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.39 (m, 3H), 7.27-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.17 (dd, J=5.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 0.51 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 137.08, 133.88, 130.26, 130.11, 129.59, 128.04, 125.36, 122.32, 101.67, 91.93, −0.68. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3107, 3068, 2959, 2152, 1427, 1356, 1249, 1163, 1116, 944, 870, 781, 753, 698 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₄H₁₄SSi [M+•]: 242.0586, found 242.0576.

3-((Dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)ethynyl)pyridine 4m

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), 3-ethynylpyridine (52 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4m (91.8 mg, 77% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 4m in analytically pure form as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.31 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.74 (dd, J=2.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.54 (dd, J=4.9, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (ddd, J=7.9, 2.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.71-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=4.9, 1.9 Hz, 3H), 7.24 (ddd, J=7.9, 4.9, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 0.54 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 152.82, 149.02, 139.01, 136.49, 133.81, 129.74, 128.11, 123.00, 120.21, 103.14, 96.34, −0.88. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3420, 3069, 3048, 3025, 2960, 2161, 1559, 1474, 1406, 1250, 1184, 1119, 1022, 847, 781, 754, 703, 670 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₅H₁₆NSi [M+H]: 238.1052, found 238.1049.

((Dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)ethynyl)ferrocene 4n

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), ethynylferrocene (105 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 45° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4n (170.1 mg, 99% yield) was obtained as a red crystalline solid after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.70 (dd, J=6.1, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 7.43-7.37 (m, 3H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 4.21 (m, 7H), 0.47 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 137.71, 133.89, 129.44, 127.98, 106.30, 88.52, 72.02, 70.26, 69.00, 64.64, −0.40. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 2958, 2147, 1428, 1248, 1106, 1024, 1001, 925, 819, 779, 753, 730, 699 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₂₀H₂₀FeSi [M+•]: 344.0684, found 344.0696.

(Cyclohex-1-en-1-ylethynyl)dimethyl(phenyl)silane 4o

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), 1-ethynylcyclohex-1-ene (53 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 45° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4o (102.7 mg, 85% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 15 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 4o in analytically pure form as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.50 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.67-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.36 (m, 3H), 6.24 (tt, J=3.9, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 2.17 (tdd, J=6.0, 2.7, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 2.11 (tdd, J=6.4, 4.6, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 1.68-1.55 (m, 4H), 0.43 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 137.59, 136.90, 133.84, 129.40, 127.94, 120.82, 109.17, 88.79, 29.14, 25.81, 22.33, 21.54, −0.51. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3422, 2937, 2145, 1647, 1428, 1249, 1116, 863, 819, 779, 730, 698 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₆H₂₁Si [M+H]: 241.1413. found 241.1402.

(Cyclohexylethynyl)dimethyl(phenyl)silane 4p

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), ethynylcyclohexane (54 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 25° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4p (97.4 mg, 80% yield) was obtained in 80% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 15 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 4p as a colorless oil in a 9:1 mixture with diphenyltetramethyldisiloxane. R_(f)=0.53 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.65 (ddd, J=5.4, 2.4, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (ddq, J=4.0, 1.9, 0.8 Hz, 3H), 2.47 (tt, J=9.0, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.89-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.73 (ddd, J=9.8, 6.2, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 1.52 (td, J=9.7, 9.2, 3.8 Hz, 3H), 1.38-1.26 (m, 3H), 0.40 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 133.82, 133.13, 129.29, 127.89, 113.93, 81.74, 32.70, 30.23, 26.00, 24.93, −0.30. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 2931, 2854, 2173, 1448, 1427, 1248, 1116, 1076, 843, 834, 816, 779, 729, 698 cm⁻¹¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₆H₂₁Si [(M+H)—H₂]: 241.1413, found 241.1419.

(3-Methoxyprop-1-yn-1-yl)dimethyl(phenyl)silane 4q

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), 3-methoxyprop-1-yne (35 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 45° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4q (61.0 mg, 60% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 15 minutes; careful heating is necessary, as the product is volatile under these conditions. Subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (1:1 DCM:hexanes) yielded the product 4q in analytically pure form as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.38 (1:1 DCM:hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.65-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.36 (m, 3H), 4.16 (s, 2H), 3.41 (s, 3H), 0.45 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 136.63, 133.66, 129.49, 127.90, 103.05, 89.53, 60.48, 57.67, −0.97. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3423, 2925, 2173, 1640, 1428, 1353, 1250, 1186, 1103, 1007, 990, 903, 838, 817, 781, 731, 698 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₂H₁₆OSi [M+•]: 204.0971, found 204.0977.

(Cyclopropylethynyl)dimethyl(phenyl)silane 4r

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), ethynylcyclopropane (33 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 25° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4r (70.1 mg, 70% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes; careful heating is necessary, as this product is volatile under these conditions. Subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 4r in analytically pure form as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.38 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.64-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.36 (m, 3H), 1.40-1.30 (m, 1H), 0.87-0.75 (m, 4H), 0.40 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 137.77, 133.79, 129.36, 127.92, 112.40, 77.65, 8.97, 0.70, −0.45. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3423, 3068, 2960, 2172, 2158, 1646, 1428, 1348, 1249, 1114, 1028, 839, 779, 730, 659 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₃H₁₆Si [M+•]: 200.1021, found 200.1031.

Dimethyl(oct-1-yn-1-yl)(phenyl)silane 4s

The general procedure was followed.

The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), oct-1-yne (55 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 25° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4s (101.0 mg, 83% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 15 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 4s in analytically pure form as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.53 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.67-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.35 (m, 3H), 2.28 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.59-1.53 (m, 2H), 1.47-1.39 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.27 (m, 4H), 0.91 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.40 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 137.86, 133.80, 129.35, 127.92, 109.85, 82.31, 31.43, 28.68, 28.64, 22.69, 20.12, 14.19, −0.44. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3422, 3069, 2957, 2931, 2858, 2174, 1647, 1428, 1248, 1115, 836, 815, 779, 729, 699 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₆H₂₃Si [M+H]: 245.1726, found 245.1727.

Dimethyl(phenyl)(4-phenylbut-1-yn-1-yl)silane 4t

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), but-3-yn-1-ylbenzene (65 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 45° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4t (130.0 mg, 98% yield) was obtained as a pale yellow oil after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.64-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.31 (dd, J=8.0, 6.8 Hz, 2H), 7.28-7.23 (m, 3H), 2.90 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 0.42 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 140.63, 137.56, 133.80, 129.39, 128.68, 128.47, 127.93, 126.43, 108.62, 83.39, 35.10, 22.38, −0.56. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3423, 3086, 3067, 3027, 2959, 2174, 1647, 1602, 1495, 1453, 1427, 1248, 1114, 1077, 1042, 869, 811, 779, 729, 696, 661 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₈H₁₉Si [(M+H)—H₂]: 263.1256, found 263.1258.

Deca-1,5-diyn-1-yldimethyl(phenyl)silane 4u

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), deca-1,5-diyne (67 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 45° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4u (131.3 mg, 98% yield) was obtained as a colorless oil after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.68-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.38 (dd, J=5.0, 1.9 Hz, 3H), 2.49 (ddd, J=7.7, 6.1, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 2.46-2.39 (m, 2H), 2.18 (tt, J=7.0, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 1.52-1.39 (m, 4H), 0.92 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.42 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 137.56, 133.81, 129.40, 127.92, 107.79, 83.33, 81.59, 78.33, 31.20, 22.05, 20.79, 19.16, 18.54, 13.77, −0.54. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 2958, 2932, 2872, 2177, 1465, 1428, 1336, 1249, 1115, 1042, 870, 837, 816, 780, 754, 731, 700, 662 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₈H₂₃Si [(M+H)—H₂]: 267.1569, found 267.1565.

(5-Chloropent-1-yn-1-yl)dimethyl(phenyl)silane 4v

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), 5-chloropent-1-yne (51 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 45° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4v (93.3 mg, 79% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes; careful heating is necessary, as this product is volatile under these conditions. Subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 4v in analytically pure form as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.31 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.65-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.38 (dd, J=4.9, 1.9 Hz, 3H), 3.67 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.49 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.01 (p, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 0.41 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 137.46, 133.75, 129.48, 127.99, 107.20, 83.81, 43.77, 31.40, 17.57, −0.56. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3420, 3069, 2960, 2928, 2174, 1646, 1428, 1249, 1114, 1041, 837, 816, 780, 731, 701, 665 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₃H₁₆ClSi [(M+H)—H₂]: 235.0710, found 235.0713.

3-(Dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)-N-methylprop-2-yn-1-amine 4w

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), N-methylprop-2-yn-1-amine (69 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 45° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4w (81.8 mg, 80% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 15 minutes; careful heating is necessary, as the product is volatile under these conditions. Subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% EtOAc) yielded the product 4w in analytically pure form as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.32 (100% EtOAc); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, THF-d8) δ 7.63-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.29 (m, 3H), 3.36 (s, 2H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 0.36 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, THF-d8) δ 138.26, 134.58, 130.18, 128.67, 108.45, 85.45, 41.75, 35.64, −0.33. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3416, 3068, 2957, 2165, 1725, 1651, 1427, 1250, 1116, 1044, 836, 817, 730, 699 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₂H₁₈NSi [M+H]: 204.1208, found 204.1214.

(3-((Dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)oxy)prop-1-yn-1-yl)dimethyl(phenyl)silane 4x

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), prop-2-yn-1-ol (28 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 45° C. for 24 h. The desired product 4x (142.9 mg, 88% yield) was obtained as a colorless oil after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes. Careful heating is necessary, as the product is volatile under these conditions. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.62 (ddt, J=6.4, 1.8, 0.9 Hz, 4H), 7.44-7.36 (m, 6H), 4.35 (s, 2H), 0.48 (s, 6H), 0.43 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 137.08, 136.80, 133.82, 133.73, 129.93, 129.57, 128.01, 127.98, 105.77, 88.23, 52.27, −0.93, −1.36. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3069, 3049, 2959, 2177, 1428, 1363, 1250, 1117, 1085, 1043, 1004, 817, 782, 731, 698 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₉H₂₃OSi₂ [(M+H)—H₂]: 323.1288, found 323.1297.

5-(Prop-2-yn-1-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine 3y

To a mixture of tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine hydrochloride (1.40 g, 10 mmol, 1 equiv) and K₂CO₃ (2.76 g, 20 mmol, 2 equiv) in DMF (30 ml), was added 1-propyne-3-bromide (1.18 g, 10 mmol, 1 equiv) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was filtered and solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a brown oil. This oil was diluted with 20 mL of diethyl ether and washed with 20 mL of water, then 20 mL brine, then dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (10:1 hexanes:Et₂O) yielding the product 3y as a yellow liquid (1.27 g, 72% yield). R_(f)=0.35 (10% EtOAc in hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.08 (dt, J=5.1, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (t, J=1.7 Hz, 2H), 3.53 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 2H), 2.95-2.91 (m, 2H), 2.91-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.29 (t, J=2.4 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 133.55, 132.89, 125.19, 122.83, 78.78, 73.39, 51.50, 49.70, 46.37, 25.57. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3937, 3626, 3390, 3289, 3103, 3065, 2910, 2816, 2101, 2651, 1614, 1565, 1461, 1428, 1405, 1328, 1275, 1219, 1191, 1166, 1130, 1109, 1079, 1051, 1017, 983, 902, 835, 789, 703 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₀H₁₂NS [M+H]: 178.0690, found 178.0689.

5-(3-(Dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine 4y

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), 5-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine (89 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 4y (120.4 mg, 77% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 15 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (10% EtOAc in hexanes) yielded the product 4y in analytically pure form as a yellow oil. R_(f)=0.40 (10% EtOAc in hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.67-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.34 (m, 3H), 7.09 (dd, J=5.1, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 2H), 3.61 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 2H), 2.99-2.88 (m, 4H), 0.43 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 137.12, 133.78, 133.16, 133.06, 129.54, 128.00, 125.36, 122.92, 102.74, 88.35, 51.69, 49.89, 47.60, 25.69, −0.60. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3067, 2957, 2906, 2814, 2163, 1427, 1327, 1249, 1166, 1115, 1034, 1016, 975, 836, 817, 780, 731, 699 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₈H₂₀NSSi [(M+H)—H₂]: 310.1086, found 310.1087.

Example 3.2 Procedure for the Multi-Gram Scale Synthesis of 4s

Dimethyl(oct-1-yn-1-yl)(phenyl)silane 4s

A 500 mL oven-dried Schlenk flask equipped with a stir bar and stoppered with a rubber septum was evacuated and refilled once with argon. NaOH (364 mg, 9.1 mmols, 10 mol %) was weighed out on the bench and added to the flask under a strong flow of argon. The charged flask was then evacuated and heated under vacuum for 2 minutes with a heat gun, then refilled with argon. 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) (degassed, 90 mL), 1-octyne (13.4 mL, 90.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and PhMe₂SiH (20.9 mL, 136.1 mmol, 1.5 equiv) were added through the septum by syringe. The flask was then heated with a heating mantle set at 45° C. and stirred for 60 hours. The flask with the resultant cloudy brown-tan solution was removed from heating and allowed to cool to room temperature, diluted with anhydrous Et₂O (50 mL), and filtered through a short pad of silica to remove solid residue. After the solvent was removed in vacuo, a stirbar was added and the transparent deep amber solution was stirred under high vacuum (100 millitorr) for several hours to remove remaining volatiles. The mixture was then subjected to distillation under vacuum:

-   -   a) Heating bath to 80 OC, vacuum stabilizes at 200 millitorr as         a small amount of droplets condense into the forerun. Forerun         comes off as a colorless liquid. Thermometer reads 22° C.     -   b) Vacuum stays at 200 millitorr. Heating bath set to 85° C. as         the last of the remaining silane boils off.     -   c) Heating bath temperature increased to 125° C. The solution         starts to boil slowly. Thermometer reads 60° C. Vacuum stays at         200 millitorr.     -   d) Increase temperature to 130° C., vacuum at 200 millitorr to         distill over the desired dimethyl(oct-1-yn-1-yl)(phenyl)silane         (colorless oil). Thermometer reads 85° C. The desired product 4s         is obtained as a colorless oil (19.0 g, 86% yield).

Example 3.3 Synthesis of mono- and bis-silylated diynes

Deca-1,9-diyn-1-yldimethyl(phenyl)silane 5a

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with KOH (5.6 mg, 0.1 mmol, 20 mol %), deca-1,9-diyne (67 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 45° C. for 24 h. The desired product 5a (126.2 mg, 94% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 20 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 5a in analytically pure form as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.48 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.66-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.35 (m, 3H), 2.29 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.20 (td, J=7.1, 2.6 Hz, 2H), 1.96 (t, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 1.57 (dtd, J=9.6, 7.1, 4.5 Hz, 4H), 1.47-1.42 (m, 4H), 0.40 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 137.79, 133.78, 129.37, 127.93, 109.55, 84.74, 82.51, 68.34, 28.51, 28.45, 28.39, 28.31, 20.04, 18.48, −0.46. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3420, 3306, 3068, 2936, 2859, 2173, 2117, 1646, 1457, 1428, 1325, 1248, 1114, 1026, 836, 816, 754, 731, 700, 661 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₈H₂₃Si [(M+H)—H₂]: 267.1569, found 267.1556.

1,10-Bis(dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)deca-1,9-diyne 5b

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with KOH (5.6 mg, 0.1 mmol, 20 mol %), deca-1,9-diyne (67 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 5b (190.9 mg, 95% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 5b in analytically pure form as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.43 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.65 (ddt, J=5.4, 3.0, 1.4 Hz, 4H), 7.38 (ddt, J=4.4, 2.2, 1.1 Hz, 6H), 2.30 (td, J=7.2, 1.1 Hz, 4H), 1.59 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 4H), 1.49-1.42 (m, 4H), 0.43-0.40 (s, 12H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 137.79, 133.78, 129.37, 127.93, 109.58, 82.49, 28.53, 28.38, 20.04, −0.45. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3423, 3068, 2937, 2858, 2173, 1647, 1428, 1248, 1114, 836, 815, 753, 730, 699, 661 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₂₆H₃₃Si₂ [(M+H)—H₂]: 401.2121, found 401.2120.

((3-Ethynylphenyl)ethynyl)dimethyl(phenyl)silane 6a

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (4.0 mg, 0.1 mmol, 20 mol %), 1,3-diethynylbenzene (63 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 45° C. for 48 h. The desired product 6a (99.2 mg, 76% yield) was obtained as a colorless oil after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes and subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes→3% EtOAc in hexanes). R_(f)=0.27 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.70-7.68 (m, 2H), 7.64 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (ddt, J=14.2, 7.8, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (dd, J=4.9, 1.9 Hz, 3H), 7.29 (dd, J=7.7, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 3.09 (s, 1H), 0.51 (d, J=0.5 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 136.86, 135.71, 133.86, 132.38, 132.35, 129.66, 128.48, 128.09, 123.43, 122.51, 105.63, 93.20, 82.78, 77.99, −0.75. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3294, 2950, 2152, 1474, 1428, 1249, 1118, 924, 838, 818, 781, 731, 698 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₈H₁₇Si [M+H]: 261.1100. found 261.1093.

1,3-bis((dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)ethynyl)benzene 6b

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (4.0 mg, 0.1 mmol, 20 mol %), 1,3-diethynylbenzene (63 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 6b (173.5 mg, 88% yield) was obtained in 95% purity after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes→3% EtOAc in hexanes) yielded the product 6b in analytically pure form as a light yellow oil. R_(f)=0.26 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.73-7.70 (m, 4H), 7.69 (t, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.8, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.44-7.41 (m, 6H), 7.28 (ddd, J=8.0, 7.4, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 0.53 (s, 12H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 136.88, 135.69, 133.86, 132.23, 129.64, 128.40, 128.08, 123.33, 105.73, 93.08, −0.74. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3068, 2959, 2153, 1589, 1474, 1428, 1405, 1249, 1164, 1118, 944, 838, 816, 780, 753, 730, 702, 685 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₂₆H₂₇Si₂ [M+H]: 395.1651, found 395.1659.

Example 3.4 Synthesis of Symmetric and Unsymmetric Diethynylsilanes

Bis(3-cyclohexylprop-1-yn-1-yl)diethylsilane 7

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with KOH (2.8 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), cyclohexylpropyne (61 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), Et₂SiH₂ (24 mg, 36 μL, 0.275 mmol, 0.55 equiv), and 0.5 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 45° C. for 48 h. The desired product 7 (125.0 mg, 76% yield) was obtained in 90% purity after solvent removal under high vacuum at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 7 as a colorless oil. R_(f)=0.51 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.15 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 4H), 1.81 (ddd, J=13.6, 4.0, 1.8 Hz, 4H), 1.72 (dt, J=12.7, 3.2 Hz, 4H), 1.65 (dddt, J=12.7, 5.1, 3.3, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 1.49 (dddt, J=14.6, 8.0, 6.7, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 1.25 (qt, J=12.7, 3.4 Hz, 4H), 1.15 (tt, J=12.6, 3.2 Hz, 4H), 1.05 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 6H), 1.03-0.98 (m, 2H), 0.67 (q, J=7.8 Hz, 4H). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 108.03, 80.73, 37.36, 32.76, 27.95, 26.43, 26.29, 7.47, 7.02. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 2923, 2873, 2852, 2175, 1448, 1031, 725, 688 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₂₂H₃₇Si [M+H]: 329.2665, found 329.2661.

(3-Cyclohexylprop-1-yn-1-yl)(cyclopropylethynyl)diethylsilane 8

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), cyclohexylpropyne (61 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), cyclopropylacetylene (36 mg, 0.55 mmol, 1.1 equiv), Et₂SiH₂ (49 mg, 71 μL, 0.55 mmol, 1.1 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 45° C. for 24 h, then 65° C. for 48 h. The desired product 8 (102.8 mg, 76% yield) was obtained in 90% purity after solvent removal under high vacuum at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes; subsequent purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100% hexanes) yielded the product 8 as a colorless oil. Also isolated was 10% yield of the homocoupled 3-cyclohexyl-1-propyne product 7; <5% of the homocoupled cyclopropylacetylene 8-SI was identified by GC-MS. This same product 8 can be achieved in comparable yield (106.4 mg, 78% yield) in a 2-step process by first isolating the silylated cyclohexylpropyne 2e and then combining this pre-silylated product with cyclopropylacetylene (1.1 equiv) and NaOH (10 mol %). R_(f)=0.34 (100% hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.14 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.83-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.71 (dt, J=12.7, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 1.65 (dddt, J=12.8, 5.1, 3.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 1.48 (ddtd, J=15.0, 11.6, 6.8, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 1.33-1.28 (m, 1H), 1.28-1.19 (m, 2H), 1.13 (qt, J=12.8, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 1.03 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 6H), 1.01-0.95 (m, 2H), 0.81-0.73 (m, 4H), 0.65 (q, J=7.9 Hz, 4H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 111.83, 108.11, 80.57, 75.08, 37.34, 32.76, 27.94, 26.41, 26.27, 8.98, 7.43, 6.98, 0.73. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3422, 3094, 3012, 2955, 1923, 2852, 2174, 2105, 1641, 1449, 1424, 1376, 1348, 1322, 1275, 1232, 1130, 1073, 1052, 1028, 979, 891, 873, 828, 779, 725, 688, 642 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₈H₂₉Si [M+H]: 273.2039, found 273.2025.

Example 3.5 Late-Stage Silylation of Pharmaceuticals

N-benzyl-3-(dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)-N-methylprop-2-yn-1-amine 9

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with NaOH (2.0 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), Pargyline (N-benzyl-N-methylprop-2-yn-1-amine) (80 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 45° C. for 24 h. The desired product 9 (140.4 mg, 96% yield) was obtained as a pale yellow oil after solvent removal at 85° C. at 45 mtorr for 30 minutes. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.69 (dq, J=6.8, 3.4, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (dt, J=4.3, 2.1 Hz, 3H), 7.35-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.30-7.26 (m, 1H), 3.60 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (d, J=3.1 Hz, 2H), 2.38 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 3H), 0.47 (d, J=3.4 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 138.47, 137.34, 133.82, 129.54, 129.39, 128.45, 128.01, 127.35, 102.95, 88.41, 60.17, 46.08, 42.09, −0.49. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3067, 3026, 2958, 2793, 2162, 1494, 1453, 1428, 1366, 1249, 1115, 1026, 980, 837, 817, 780, 732, 698 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₁₉H₂₄NSi [M+H]: 294.1678, found 294.1689.

(((8R,9S,13S,14S,17S)-17-((dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)ethynyl)-3-methoxy-13-methyl-7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)oxy)dimethyl (phenyl)silane 10a

The general procedure was followed. The reaction was performed with KOH (2.8 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), mestranol ((8R,9S,13S,14S,17R)-17-ethynyl-3-methoxy-13-methyl-7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-ol) (155 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhMe₂SiH (204 mg, 230 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and 0.5 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at 45° C. for 24 h then 65° C. for 48 h. The product 10a (185.5 mg, 64% yield) was obtained as a colorless oil by silica gel flash chromatography (1%→5% EtOAc in hexanes). R_(f)=0.50 (5% EtOAc in hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, THF-d8) δ 7.62-7.56 (m, 4H), 7.30 (dtq, J=9.6, 5.1, 2.2 Hz, 6H), 7.16 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (dd, J=8.5, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.59-6.55 (m, 1H), 3.69 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 3H), 2.88-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.42-2.23 (m, 2H), 2.18 (qd, J=10.8, 10.1, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 2.11-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.94-1.85 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.54-1.38 (m, 4H), 1.34 (ddt, J=24.2, 12.3, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 0.94 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 3H), 0.52-0.43 (m, 6H), 0.38-0.32 (m, 6H). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, THF-d8) δ 158.87, 140.78, 138.42, 134.65, 134.38, 133.09, 130.31, 129.98, 128.73, 128.45, 127.12, 114.47, 112.88, 112.37, 90.44, 82.68, 55.34, 51.46, 49.86, 45.16, 41.66, 40.95, 34.17, 30.86, 28.64, 27.69, 24.01, 17.10, 13.81, 1.44, −0.61. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3417, 3068, 3048, 2946, 2869, 2234, 2160, 2081, 1610, 1575, 1500, 1465, 1427, 1279, 1252, 1136, 1117, 1088, 1045, 929, 886, 818, 783, 730, 699, 642 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₃₇H₄₇O₂Si₂ [M+H]: 579.3115, found 579.3109.

(8R,9S,13S,14S,17S)-17-((dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)ethynyl)-3-methoxy-13-methyl-7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-ol 10b

The desired product 10b (40.0 mg, 18% yield) was also obtained from this reaction as a white solid foam by silica gel flash chromatography (1%→5% EtOAc in hexanes) in a 9:1 mixture with 10a. R_(f)=0.39 (5% EtOAc in hexanes); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, THF-d8) δ 7.62-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.27 (m, 3H), 7.05 (dd, J=8.8, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (dd, J=8.5, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (s, 1H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 2.82-2.78 (m, 2H), 2.33-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.24-2.16 (m, 3H), 2.00 (ddd, J=13.3, 11.9, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 1.90-1.81 (m, 3H), 1.68-1.60 (m, 1H), 1.40-1.27 (m, 4H), 0.91 (s, 3H), 0.44 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, THF-d8) δ 158.91, 140.86, 138.41, 134.21, 132.92, 130.05, 128.59, 127.30, 114.45, 112.45, 91.04, 82.87, 55.37, 49.97, 48.26, 45.20, 40.94, 40.81, 37.16, 34.18, 30.91, 28.64, 27.77, 24.00, 14.21, 1.45. IR (Neat Film NaCl) 3421, 2932, 2869, 1609, 1500, 1464, 1427, 1979, 1253, 1138, 1117, 1099, 1035, 888, 829, 783, 742, 699 cm⁻¹; HRMS (EI+) calc'd for C₂₉H₃₇O₂Si [M+H]: 445.2563, found 445.2575.

As those skilled in the art will appreciate, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of these teachings, and all such are contemplated hereby. For example, in addition to the embodiments described herein, the present invention contemplates and claims those inventions resulting from the combination of features of the invention cited herein and those of the cited prior art references which complement the features of the present invention. Similarly, it will be appreciated that any described material, feature, or article may be used in combination with any other material, feature, or article, and such combinations are considered within the scope of this invention. 

What is claimed:
 1. A method comprising contacting at least one organic substrate comprising a terminal alkynyl C—H bond, with a mixture of at least one organosilane and an alkali metal hydroxide, under conditions sufficient to form a silylated terminal alkynyl moiety, wherein the method forms the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one organosilane comprises an organosilane of Formula (I), Formula (II), or Formula (III): (R)_(4-m)Si(H)_(m)  (I) (R)_(3-m)(H)_(m)Si—(CH₂)_(q)—O_(r)—Si(R)_(3-p)(H)_(p)  (II) R—[—SiH(R)—O—]_(n)—R  (III) where: m and p are independently 1, 2, or 3; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; r is 0 or 1; n is 10 to 100; and each R is independently F, Br, Cl, or I, provided at least one R contains carbon, optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkyl or C₁₋₁₂ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl or C₂₋₁₂ heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl or heteroalkynyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₂₀ aryl or C₃₋₂₀ heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₇₋₃₀ alkaryl or C₆₋₃₀ heteroalkaryl, optionally substituted C₇₋₃₀ aralkyl or C₅₋₃₀ heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₁₂ alkyl or —O—C₁₋₁₂ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted —O—C₆₋₂₀ aryl or —O—C₃₋₂₀ heteroaryl, optionally substituted —O—C₇₋₃₀ alkaryl or —O—C₅₋₃₀ heteroalkaryl, or optionally substituted —O—C₇₋₃₀ aralkyl or —O—C₅₋₃₀ heteroaralkyl, and, if substituted, the substituents may be phosphonato, phosphoryl, phosphanyl, phosphino, sulfonato, C₁-C₂₀ alkylsulfanyl, C₆₋₂₀ arylsulfanyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkylsulfonyl, C₆₋₂₀ arylsulfonyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkylsulfinyl, C₆₋₂₀ arylsulfinyl, sulfonamido, amino, amido, imino, nitro, nitroso, hydroxyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, C₆₋₂₀ aryloxy, C₂-C₂₀ alkoxycarbonyl, C₆₋₂₀ aryloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, carboxylato, mercapto, formyl, C₁-C₂₀ thioester, cyano, cyanato, thiocyanato, isocyanate, thioisocyanate, carbamoyl, epoxy, styrenyl, silyl, silyloxy, silanyl, siloxazanyl, boronato, boryl, or halogen, or a metal-containing or metalloid-containing group, where the metalloid is Sn or Ge, or where the substituents optionally provide a tether to an insoluble or sparingly soluble support media comprising alumina, silica, or carbon.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the organosilane is (R)₃SiH, (R)₂SiH₂, or (R)SiH₃, where R is independently alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkali metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the at least one organosilane is EtMe₂SiH, (n-Bu)₃SiH, Et₂SiH₂, PhMe₂SiH, BnMe₂SiH, (EtO)₃SiH, Me₂(pyridinyl)SiH, or Me₃Si—SiMe₂H.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkali metal hydroxide is potassium hydroxide (KOH).
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the at least one organosilane is EtMe₂SiH, PhMe₂SiH, (n-Bu)₃SiH, Et₂SiH₂, (i-Pr)₃SiH, or (i-Pr)₂(pyridinyl)SiH.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one organic substrate comprising the terminal alkynyl C—H bond has a formula: R¹—C≡C—H, where R¹ comprises H, an optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, or optionally substituted metallocene.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein R¹ comprises: (a) an optionally substituted linear alkyl, an optionally substituted branched alkyl, or an optionally substituted cycloalkyl; (b) an optionally substituted linear alkenyl, an optionally substituted branched alkenyl, or an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl; (c) an optionally substituted linear heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted branched heteroalkyl, or an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl; (d) an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or an optionally substituted heteroaralkyl; or (e) a combination of two or more of (a) through (d).
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one organic substrate comprising the terminal alkynyl C—H bond is polymeric.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one organosilane is (R)₂Si(H)₂, the method further comprising contacting a second organic substrate having a terminal alkynyl C—H bond with the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety to form a di- or tri-alkynyl cross-coupled silane product.
 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising polymerizing the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety.
 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising reacting the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with: (a) another unsaturated moiety in a [2+2] or [4+2] cycloaddition reaction to form an aromatic, heteroaromatic, cycloalkenyl, or heterocycloalkenyl moiety; (b) a second, unsaturated organic moiety in a cross-metathesis reaction to form a diolefin or polyolefin product; (c) an organic azide in a [3+2] azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction; (d) hydrogen, water, an alcohol, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen chloride, dihalogen, or carboxylic acids to give corresponding olefin or alkane, vinyl compounds, or carbonyl compound; (e) an aromatic halide compound under conditions sufficient to form an alkynyl-arene linkage; (f) an N-halosuccinimide in the presence of a cationic gold catalyst to produce a terminal alkynyl halide; or (g) any combination of (a) through (f).
 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing the silyl group originally added to the terminal alkynyl C—H bond.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one organosilane comprises an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl or C₂₋₁₂ heteroalkenyl, such that the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety comprises a silicon bonded optionally substituted C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl or heteroalkenyl, the method further comprising reacting the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with an alcohol and a catalyst under conditions to result in the intramolecular allylation of the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one organosilane comprises a 2-pyridinyl group, the method further comprising: (a) reacting the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with a copper carbomagnesation catalyst and an optionally substituted aryl magnesium complex or optionally substituted heteroaryl magnesium complex under conditions sufficient to carbomagnesate the silylated terminal alkynyl moiety; and then optionally (b) reacting the carbomagnesated silylated terminal alkynyl moiety with an optionally substituted aryl iodide or optionally substituted heteroaryl iodide in the presence of a palladium catalyst to form a trisubstituted silylated olefin; and then optionally (c) reacting the trisubstituted silylated olefin with BCl₃ and pinacol under conditions sufficient to borodesilylate the compound, and then optionally (d) reacting the borodesilylated compound with a second optionally substituted aryl iodide or optionally substituted heteroaryl iodide under conditions suitable to cross-couple the resulting C—B bond and the second optionally substituted aryl iodide or optionally substituted heteroaryl iodide.
 17. A chemical composition comprising a mixture of (a) at least one organosilane and (b) an alkali metal hydroxide or alkali metal alkoxide, (c) at least one organic substrate comprising a terminal alkynyl C—H bond, and (d) a silylated terminal alkynyl moiety having a C—Si bond in a position corresponding to the terminal alkynyl C—H bond in the substrate.
 18. The chemical composition of claim 17, wherein at least one organosilane comprises an organosilane of Formula (I), Formula (II), or Formula (III): (R)_(4-m)Si(H)_(m)  (I) (R)_(3-m)(H)_(m)Si—(CH₂)_(q)—O_(r)—Si(R)_(3-p)(H)_(p)  (II) R—[—SiH(R)—O—]_(n)—R  (III) where: m and p are are independently 1, 2, or 3; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; r is 0 or 1; n is 10 to 100; and each R is independently F, Br, Cl, I, provided at least one R contains carbon, optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkyl or C₁₋₁₂ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl or C₂₋₁₂ heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl or C₂₋₁₂ heteroalkynyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₂₀ aryl or C₃₋₂₀ heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₇₋₃₀ alkaryl or C₆₋₃₀ heteroalkaryl, optionally substituted C₇₋₃₀ aralkyl or C₆₋₃₀ heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₁₂ alkyl or —O—C₁₋₁₂ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted —O—C₆₋₂₀ aryl or —O—C₃₋₂₀ heteroaryl, optionally substituted —O—C₇₋₃₀ alkaryl or heteroalkaryl, or optionally substituted —O—C₇₋₃₀ aralkyl or —O—C₅₋₃₀ heteroaralkyl, and, if substituted, the substituents may be phosphonato, phosphoryl, phosphanyl, phosphino, sulfonato, C₁-C₂₀ alkylsulfanyl, C₆₋₂₀ arylsulfanyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkylsulfonyl, C₆₋₂₀ arylsulfonyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkylsulfinyl, C₆₋₂₀ arylsulfinyl, sulfonamido, amino, amido, imino, nitro, nitroso, hydroxyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, C₆₋₂₀ aryloxy, C₂-C₂₀ alkoxycarbonyl, C₆₋₂₀ aryloxycarbonyl, carboxyl, carboxylato, mercapto, formyl, C₁-C₂₀ thioester, cyano, cyanato, thiocyanato, isocyanate, thioisocyanate, carbamoyl, epoxy, styrenyl, silyl, silyloxy, silanyl, siloxazanyl, boronato, boryl, or halogen, or a metal-containing or metalloid-containing group, where the metalloid is Sn or Ge, or where the substituents optionally provide a tether to an insoluble or sparingly soluble support media comprising alumina, silica, or carbon.
 19. The chemical composition of claim 18, wherein the alkali metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH).
 20. The chemical composition of claim 19, wherein the organosilane is EtMe₂SiH, (n-Bu)₃SiH, (i-Pr)₃SiH, Et₂SiH₂, PhMe₂SiH, BnMe₂SiH, (Me)₂(pyridinyl)SiH, (i-Pr)₂(pyridinyl)SiH, (EtO)₃SiH, or Me₃Si—SiMe₂H.
 21. The chemical composition of claim 17, wherein the at least one organic substrate comprising the terminal alkynyl C—H bond has a formula: R¹—C≡C—H, where R¹ comprises H, an optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, or optionally substituted metallocene.
 22. The chemical composition of claim 21, wherein R¹ comprises: (a) an optionally substituted linear alkyl, an optionally substituted branched alkyl, or an optionally substituted cycloalkyl; (b) an optionally substituted linear heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted branched heteroalkyl, or an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl; (c) an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or an optionally substituted heteroaralkyl; or (d) a combination of two or more of (a) through (d).
 23. The chemical composition of claim 17, comprising at least two different organosilanes.
 24. The chemical composition of claim 17, comprising at least two different organic substrates, each comprising a terminal alkynyl C—H bond. 